Iron Absorption From IFA and MMS Supplements in Kenyan Women During the Second Trimester of Pregnancy

Comparing Iron Absorption From Multiple Micronutrient Supplements and Iron-folate Supplements: a Stable Isotope Study in Kenyan Pregnant Women

This study evaluates iron absorption from three antenatal supplements, 30 mg MMS, 60 mg MMS, and 60 mg IFA, in 50 pregnant Kenyan women in their second trimester. Using a randomized crossover design and stable iron isotopes, we will compare bioavailability in both fasted and fed states. Additionally, the trial will investigate if daily dosing triggers a hepcidin response that inhibits subsequent absorption, testing whether alternate-day dosing is a more effective strategy for treating iron deficiency.

Inclusion Criteria:

• female
• pregnant at gestational age 12 (±1) weeks (dated by ultrasound)
• age 18 to 35 y
• Hb concentration ≥80 g/L
• absence of significant inflammation
• body weight <80 kg
• no major chronic diseases
• no intake of vitamin and mineral supplements outside of this study in the 1-2 weeks between screening and study start and during the study
• no blood transfusion, blood donation, or significant blood loss over the past 4 months

Exclusion Criteria:

• severe anemia (defined as Hb <80 g/L)
• malaria
• sickle cell disease (SS and SC)
• hemoglobin C disease (CC).