This study will elucidate the role of 3D transvaginal ultrasound in assessing (1) cervical vascularity and blood flow in patients with cervical cancer and cervical intraepithelial neoplasm, and (2) tumor vascularity and blood flow in patients with ovarian cancer.

Patients and methods:

Women with cervical cancer, cervical intraepithelial neoplasm, ovarian cancer, or the control will be invited to particilate in this study.Then, 3D power Doppler Ultrasound will be performed to capture (1) the cervical volume, vascularity and blood perfusion, and (2) ovarian tumor vascularity and blood perfusion. The sonographic data will be correlated to clinical and pathological data.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Regarding the topic "Hemoperfusion characteristics of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions, and the correlation between hemoperfusion and prognosis":

  1. Adult women who have had a normal cervical smear within the past three years and have no other gynecological cancers (control group).
  2. Adult women with cervical cancer or precancerous lesions.

• Regarding the topic "Correlation between hemoperfusion and prognosis of ovarian cancer":

  1. Adult women suspected of having ovarian cancer, fallopian tube cancer, or peritoneal cancer before surgery.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Regarding the topic "Hemoperfusion characteristics of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions of the cervix, and the correlation between hemoperfusion and prognosis":

  1. Patients who cannot cooperate with vaginal 3D ultrasound scans.

• Regarding the topic "Correlation between hemoperfusion and prognosis of ovarian cancer":

  1. Patients who cannot cooperate with vaginal or abdominal 3D ultrasound scans.

Women with cervical cancer, cervical intraepithelial neoplasm, ovarian cancer, and the disease-free control