This study aims to better understand the role of immune system cells in lung diseases such as lung cancer, sarcoidosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

The investigators are studying how these immune cells can sometimes help the body defend itself, but in other cases may contribute to cancer growth or long-term lung inflammation.

Although recent treatments like immunotherapy have improved cancer care, only a small proportion of patients currently benefit from these therapies. One goal of this research is to understand why some patients do not respond or develop resistance to treatment.

The knowledge gained from this study may help researchers develop more effective and personalized treatments for people with lung diseases in the future.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Diagnosis of lung cancer
• Presence of precancerous lung lesions
• Patients with a chronic inflammatory lung disease (sarcoidosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]) prior to any treatment
• Control group: individuals without known lung disease
• Children and adolescents weighing ≥ 10 kg with genetically confirmed chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
• Adults scheduled to undergo orthopedic surgery during which a bone marrow sample will be collected

Exclusion Criteria:

• Systemic corticosteroid therapy > 10 mg/day prednisone (or equivalent)
• Acute infection at the time of inclusion
• Refusal or inability to provide informed consent (or assent, when applicable)
• Chronic inflammatory lung disease currently treated with immunosuppressive therapy