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This study compares breathing function, breathing muscle strength, and recovery after a walking test in adults with type 2 diabetes, based on whether they use insulin.
People with type 2 diabetes will be evaluated during a single study visit at Izmir Bakircay University. Participants will be grouped as either currently using insulin or not using insulin as part of their usual diabetes treatment. All participants will complete the same tests: a breathing test (spirometry), breathing muscle strength tests (maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures), and a 6-minute walk test.
Before the walk test, immediately after the test, and 5 minutes after the test, recovery measures such as heart rate, oxygen saturation, blood pressure, and perceived shortness of breath and fatigue will be recorded. The goal is to understand whether insulin use is associated with differences in breathing and recovery responses in people with type 2 diabetes.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | Participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are currently using insulin therapy as part of usual care at the time of assessment. | ||
| Non-Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | Participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are not using insulin therapy as part of usual care at the time of assessment (e.g., lifestyle and/or oral antidiabetic agents). |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (MIP) | Maximal inspiratory pressure (cmH2O) assessed using a respiratory pressure meter according to standardized respiratory muscle strength testing procedures. The best value from repeated acceptable maneuvers will be used for analysis. | Single Visit (Baseline) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Maximal Expiratory Pressure (MEP) | Maximal expiratory pressure (cmH2O) assessed using a respiratory pressure meter. The best value from repeated acceptable maneuvers will be used. | single Visit (Baseline) |
| Spirometry Parameters (FVC) Forced Vital Capacity |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Adults aged 40-70 years with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus who attended the Izmir Bakircay University Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Research and Practice Center and met the eligibility criteria. Participants were categorized as insulin-treated or non-insulin-treated based on current usual care.
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bakircay University | Izmir | İzmir | 35353 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
De-identified individual participant data will not be shared
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003924 | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 |
| D003920 | Diabetes Mellitus |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |
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Pulmonary function measured by spirometry following standard procedures. |
| Single Visit (Baseline) |
| 6-Minute Walk Distance (6MWD) | Total distance walked in 6 minutes (meters) on a standardized 30-meter corridor using standardized instructions. | Single Visit (During 6-Minute Walk Test) |
| Heart Rate Response and Recovery After the 6-Minute Walk Test | Heart rate (beats/min) recorded at the specified time points using pulse oximetry. | Pre-Test; Immediately Post-Test; 5 Minutes Post-Test |
| Oxygen Saturation (SpO₂) Response and Recovery After the 6-Minute Walk Test | Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂, %) recorded at the specified time points using pulse oximetry. | Pre-Test; Immediately Post-Test; 5 Minutes Post-Test |
| Blood Pressure Response and Recovery After the 6-Minute Walk Test | Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) measured in a seated position at the specified time points. | Pre-Test; Immediately Post-Test; 5 Minutes Post-Test |
| Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1) | Pulmonary function measured by spirometry following standard procedures. | Single Visit (Baseline) |
| FEV1/FVC Ratio | Calculated from spirometry values following standard procedures. | Single Visit (Baseline) |
| Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) | Pulmonary function measured by spirometry following standard procedures. | Single Visit (Baseline) |
| Rating of Perceived Dyspnea During Recovery (Modified Borg Dyspnea Scale, 0-10) | Perceived dyspnea will be assessed using the Modified Borg Dyspnea Scale (0 = no breathlessness at all; 10 = maximal breathlessness). Higher scores indicate worse dyspnea. | Pre-Test; Immediately Post-Test; 5 Minutes Post-Test |