3D-Printed Extraoral Camera for Standardized Dental Photography

Evaluation of a 3D-Printed Extraoral Camera Assembly for Standardization of Dental Photography: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

This study evaluates whether a 3D-printed extraoral camera assembly can improve the reproducibility and dimensional consistency of dental photographs compared with conventional DSLR methods. By standardizing camera position, distance, and angle, the assembly provides a non-contact, operator-independent approach to ensure consistent image geometry, supporting more accurate clinical records, esthetic documentation, and digital analyses.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Undergraduate dental students
• Egyptian nationality
• Both genders

Exclusion Criteria:

• Postgraduate dental students
• Incomplete questionnaires
• Refusal to participate