This study aims to evaluate the real-world effectiveness of different treatment regimens used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in routine clinical practice. H. pylori is a common bacterial infection that can lead to chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. Treatment success varies widely in real-world settings due to factors such as antibiotic resistance, patient characteristics, and treatment adherence.

This retrospective observational study will review medical records of patients who underwent H. pylori testing and/or eradication treatment at Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University between 2016 and 2023. No additional tests, visits, or interventions will be performed beyond standard clinical care. The study will collect information on demographics, comorbidities, treatment regimens, test results, and eradication outcomes.

The primary goal is to determine the real-world eradication success rate of commonly used treatment regimens. A secondary goal is to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness. Findings from this study may help clinicians choose more effective treatment strategies and improve patient outcomes in everyday clinical practice.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age ≥ 14 years.
• Patients who underwent Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) testing and/or eradication treatment at Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University between 2016 and 2023.
• Diagnosis of H. pylori infection based on the Sixth National Consensus Report on the Management of Helicobacter pylori Infection (Non-Eradication Section) or clinically accepted testing methods.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Children younger than 14 years old.
• Pregnant or breastfeeding women.
• Patients deemed unsuitable for participation by the investigator based on clinical judgment.

The study population consists of patients who underwent Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) testing and/or eradication treatment at Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University between 2016 and 2023. These patients represent a real-world clinical population receiving routine diagnostic evaluation and standard-of-care treatment for H. pylori infection. Individuals aged 14 years and older, regardless of sex, are eligible for inclusion. Patients may present with various gastrointestinal or systemic comorbidities commonly associated with H. pylori infection. No study-specific interventions are administered, and all treatments are determined by the patients' treating physicians as part of usual clinical practice.