sleep drug treatment

Indirect costs refer to productivity losses associated with insomnia disorder and treatment-seeking, including work absence, reduced productivity while working, overall work productivity loss, activity impairment, and productivity loss among family caregivers or accompanying persons. Costs will be estimated in Chinese yuan using the human capital approach.

Direct medical costs refer to healthcare expenditures incurred by patients during visits to medical institutions, including consultation fees, diagnostic and examination costs, medication expenses, and hospitalization costs

The total score ranges from 0 to 21, and a higher score indicates poorer sleep quality. A score greater than 5 is commonly used as the cut point for poor sleep quality.

The Work Productivity and Activity Impairment: General Health (WPAI:GH) questionnaire assesses the impact of health problems on work productivity and daily activities over the past seven days, including absenteeism, presenteeism, overall work productivity loss, and activity impairment. Scores are expressed as percentages, with higher scores indicating greater impairment

The European Quality of Life Five Dimension is a standardized measure of health-related quality of life assessing five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Higher scores indicate better quality of life

The total score ranges from 0 to 27, and a higher score indicates higher levels of depression symptoms. A score of 10 or greater is the cut point for clinically possible depression symptom

The total score ranges from 0 to 21, and a higher score indicates higher levels of anxiety symptoms. A score of 10 or greater is the cut point for clinically possible anxiety

The 20-item Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory is used to assess multidimensional fatigue. It consists of 20 items rated from 1 to 5. The total score ranges from 20 to 100, and a higher score indicates a higher level of fatigue.

The total score ranges from 0 to 24, and a higher score indicates a higher level of daytime sleepiness. A score of 11 or greater is commonly used as the cut point for excessive daytime sleepiness.

The Hyperarousal Scale is used to assess cognitive, emotional, and behavioral hyperarousal. It consists of 26 items rated on a 4-point scale from 0 = not at all to 3 = extremely. The total score ranges from 0 to 78, and a higher score indicates a higher level of hyperarousal.

The Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep scale-30 is used to assess maladaptive beliefs and attitudes related to sleep. It consists of 30 items, with each item rated from 0 to 100. The mean score ranges from 0 to 100, and a higher score indicates stronger dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep.

The 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey is used to assess health-related quality of life. Domain scores range from 0 to 100, and higher scores indicate better health-related quality of life.