The aim of this observational study is to compare the treatment durations of different stages of routine root canal therapy performed on maxillary molar teeth using direct vision, magnification loupes, and a dental operating microscope.

The primary question the study seeks to answer is whether there is a significant difference in the duration of endodontic procedures performed under different magnification techniques.

Patients indicated for root canal treatment in their maxillary first molar teeth will receive standard root canal therapy in accordance with routine clinical protocols. The duration of each procedural step will be recorded and subsequently compared among the three magnification methods.

In this observational study, routine root canal treatment procedures will be performed in accordance with standard endodontic protocols on patients who applied to the Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Uşak University, and were indicated for root canal treatment on their maxillary first molar teeth.

1. The treatment procedures consist of seven main stages:
2. Preparation of the access cavity
3. Determination of the working length
4. Shaping of the root canals
5. Detection and shaping of the MB2 canal
6. Final irrigation and passive ultrasonic activation
7. Root canal filling

Application of the coronal restoration

All steps will be carried out according to standard clinical endodontic protocols under rubber dam isolation. The duration of each stage will be recorded individually.

Participants will be divided into three groups based on the magnification technique used during treatment:

Group 1: Treatments performed under direct vision

Group 2: Treatments performed using dental loupes

Group 3: Treatments performed using a dental operating microscope

All procedures in each group will follow the same standardized root canal treatment protocol, differing only in the magnification technique employed.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients requiring root canal treatment of the maxillary first molar tooth

Exclusion Criteria:

• Previous root canal treatment on the maxillary first molar tooth
• Presence of fracture or crack in the maxillary first molar tooth
• Lack of indication for completing treatment in a single session
• Patient refusal to continue treatment during the procedure
• Indication for extraction due to complications during treatment
• Teeth indicated for fiber post restoration due to excessive material loss

Patients admitted to the Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Uşak University, who required root canal treatment of maxillary first molar teeth

The individual participant data collected in this study will not be shared with other researchers. Data will be used only for academic purposes within the scope of the thesis and institutional ethics approval.