This observational clinical study aims to investigate the incidence and risk factors of post-induction hypotension (PIH) in geriatric cancer patients undergoing surgery under general anesthesia. PIH is defined as a drop in mean arterial pressure of ≥30% from baseline or below 65 mmHg within the first 20 minutes after anesthesia induction, prior to surgical stimulation.

The primary objective is to determine the frequency of PIH in elderly oncology patients. Secondary objectives include evaluating the association of PIH with age, ASA score, cancer type, oncological treatments (chemotherapy/radiotherapy), comorbidities, medication use, anemia, biochemical parameters, and preoperative perfusion index (PI) and pleth variability index (PVI).

Findings from this study are expected to contribute to improved perioperative management and to the development of tailored anesthesia protocols for geriatric oncology patients.

This study will be conducted as a prospective observational trial at SBÜ Dr. Abdurrahman Yurtaslan Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, with the aim of evaluating the incidence and risk factors of post-induction hypotension (PIH) in geriatric oncology patients. The study will commence after institutional ethics committee approval, and written informed consent will be obtained from all participants.

Standard monitoring (ECG, non-invasive blood pressure, SpO₂) will be applied in the operating room. Pre-induction values will be recorded after a 5-minute rest period. Perfusion index (PI) and pleth variability index (PVI) will be measured using the Massimo Root® with Radical-7 monitor from the non-cannulated hand, with three consecutive readings averaged.

Demographic data (age, sex, height, weight, BMI), comorbidities, regular medications, type of malignancy, history of chemotherapy/radiotherapy, and preoperative laboratory values will be documented.

Anesthesia induction will be performed with propofol (1.5-2.5 mg/kg), fentanyl (1-2 μg/kg), lidocaine (1-1.5 mg/kg), and rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg). Maintenance will be achieved using sevoflurane (1.5-2%) or desflurane (5-6%), O₂/air mixture, and remifentanil (0.1-0.2 μg/kg/min). Drugs and doses used during induction will be recorded.

PIH is defined as hypotension occurring within the first 20 minutes after induction, prior to surgical stimulation. Criteria:

A ≥30% decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) compared to baseline or MAP < 65 mmHg Any interventions for hypotension (vasopressors, intravenous fluids) will be documented.

Blood pressure measurements will be obtained at six time points:

T0: Baseline, before induction T1: After induction, prior to intubation T2: 1 minute after intubation T3: 5 minutes after intubation T4: 10 minutes after intubation T5: 15 minutes after intubation

The study will be completed after the T5 measurement, covering the first ~20 minutes following anesthesia induction.

In this study, post-induction hypotension (PIH) will be defined as either a ≥30% decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) compared to the pre-induction baseline value, or MAP < 65 mmHg. The pre-induction MAP measured non-invasively will be taken as the baseline. During the first 20 minutes after induction (measured every 2 minutes), patients meeting either criterion will be classified into the "PIH present" group, while those without such changes will be classified as "PIH absent."

Sample size calculations were performed using G*Power 3.1:

For group comparisons: Assuming a medium effect size (Cohen's d = 0.5), 80% power, and α = 0.05, 64 patients per group (128 total) are required.

For categorical variables: With a medium effect size (Cohen's w = 0.3), 108 participants are required.

For logistic regression: Based on literature, the incidence of PIH was estimated at 20%. Assuming an Odds Ratio (OR) of 2.0, a two-tailed test with 80% power and α = 0.05 indicated that at least 113 participants are needed.

All statistical analyses will be conducted using SPSS or equivalent software, with a significance threshold of p < 0.05.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adults ≥65 years of age

Patients with a diagnosis of cancer and scheduled for surgery

Ability and willingness to provide written informed consent

ASA physical status class II-IV

Exclusion Criteria:

Patients under 65 years of age

Patients without a confirmed oncologic diagnosis

Refusal to provide written informed consent

Patients undergoing regional anesthesia

Patients with tracheostomy or requiring multiple intubation attempts

History of peripheral arterial disease

Use of vasopressors before the start of surgery

Uncontrolled hypertension (blood pressure >180/110 mmHg)

Advanced heart failure (Ejection Fraction <40%)

Severe arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation or significant ventricular arrhythmias that preclude reliable hemodynamic monitoring

The study population will consist of geriatric patients (≥65 years) undergoing oncologic surgery at Dr. Abdurrahman Yurtaslan Ankara Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.

No plan to share IPD publicly. Interested researchers may contact the principal investigator for data access