Participants who were existing amputees who had chronic neuroma pain at the amputation site.

Participants who had a lower extremity amputated during the study and were prophylactically treated for pain.

Free-muscle graft over cut nerve ends for treatment of neuromas at site of an amputation.

The OPUS was a self-report questionnaire consisting of five modules. It can be used for prosthetic and orthotic programs for quality assessment, to maintain awareness of improvement in activities, to evaluate changes in patient's functional status and quality of life, and to assess satisfaction with devices and services. This study used the Functional Status Measure module, which was a 20-question survey that used a Likert scale ranging from 1 (very easy) to 5 (cannot do this activity).

The PCS evaluated the relationship between thoughts and pain. The PCS was a 13-question survey that used a Likert scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (all the time). Total score ranged from 0 (no pain catastrophizing) to 52 (highest level of pain catastrophizing), with a score of 30 indicating a clinically high level of pain catastrophizing.

The SF-MPQ-2 was a pain assessment tool that measured both neuropathic and non-neuropathic pain. It used 22 descriptors, grouped into four subscales (continuous, intermittent, neuropathic, and affective) along with a Present Pain Intensity (PPI) scale. The descriptors and PPI all used a Likert scale that ranged from 0 (none) to 10 (worst possible). The SF-MPQ-2 was scored by calculating the average ratings for each of the four subscales and the total pain score and averaging all 22 item ratings, resulting in a score ranging from 0 (none) to 10 (worst possible).

The PROMIS was a system of standardized, scientifically validated questions used to measure a patient's physical, mental, and social health status. The PROMIS pain interference short form had 6 questions ranging from 1 [not at all] to 5 [very much]. The PROMIS was scored by summing the values of the responses within each short form. The raw score was converted to a standardized T-score using specific scoring tables found in the instrument's scoring manual.

The PHQ-9 was a nine-question self-report questionnaire used to screen for depression, diagnose its severity, and monitor treatment response. Each of the nine questions was scored on a four-point scale from 0 ("Not at all") to 3 ("Nearly every day"). The PHQ-9 asked about the frequency of specific depressive symptoms over the past two weeks, with a total score ranging from 0 to 27, with scores below 5 indicating no depression and scores above 20 indicating severe depression.