This study recruits healthy volunteers and randomly assigns them in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to the following groups: Propofol group, Sevoflurane group, Ciprofol group, and Control group. Subjects in the different groups will undergo anesthesia with the corresponding general anesthetic drug, while subjects in the Control group will receive no anesthesia. Peripheral blood samples will be collected at specified time points: before anesthesia induction, upon emergence from anesthesia, 24 hours after anesthesia, and 48 hours after anesthesia. Single-cell multi-omics analysis will be performed on these samples using single-cell sequencing technology. The aim is to investigate the independent effects of different general anesthetic drugs on human immune function in the absence of surgical trauma, and to further explore the potential immunomodulatory effects of commonly used clinical anesthetics.

Inclusion Criteria:

Volunteers undergo routine blood tests, liver function, kidney function, coagulation function, and routine 12-lead electrocardiogram examination before the trial. Any item showing no significant abnormalities; Age 20-30 years; ASA physical status I; BMI (Body Mass Index) 18-28 kg/m².

Exclusion Criteria:

History of neurological/psychiatric diseases, immune system diseases, or any type of chronic disease; History of surgical anesthesia; History of bad habits such as drug abuse, smoking or excessive drinking; Women during menstruation, pregnancy, or lactation; Recent use of immunosuppressants, hormones, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Intake of antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, or other supplements within three months prior to stool sample collection; Recent history of diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, or other diseases severely affecting gut microbiota structure.