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The purpose of this study is to understand how stress, anxiety, and negative affect change learning and decision-making processes. The primary objective is to assess two forms of decision-making-reward adaptation and emotion prediction errors-differ as a function of stress and anxiety. The secondary objectives are to assess how individual differences measured in our studies relate to these decision variables.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aim 1: Socially Evaluated Cold Pressor Task (SECPT) | Experimental | Participants will be randomly assigned to complete the Socially Evaluated Cold Pressor Task (SECPT). Cortisol samples will be collected throughout the study session. All participants will then complete a Food Value Task, during which they will view a series of reward stimuli (snack foods) over alternating task blocks. |
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| Aim 1: Non-Stressful Control Task | Active Comparator | Participants will be randomly assigned to complete a non-stressful control task. Cortisol samples will be collected throughout the study session. All participants will then complete a Food Value Task, during which they will view a series of reward stimuli (snack foods) over alternating task blocks. |
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| Aim 2: Socially Evaluated Cold Pressor Task (SECPT) | Experimental | Participants will be randomly assigned to complete the SECPT. Cortisol samples will be collected throughout the study session. Participants will then complete the Image Value Task, during which they will view a series of positive, negative or neutral images over alternating task blocks. |
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| Aim 2: Non-Stressful Control Task | Active Comparator | Participants will be randomly assigned to complete a non-stressful control task. Cortisol samples will be collected throughout the study session. Participants will then complete the Image Value Task, during which they will view a series of positive, negative or neutral images over alternating task blocks. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socially Evaluated Cold Pressor Task (SECPT) | Behavioral | The SECPT is a validated laboratory stressor that combines physiological stress with social evaluative components; it is widely used to elicit acute stress responses in controlled settings. Participants are asked to submerge their nondominant hand into an ice-cold water (0-4°C) for 3 minutes, while videotaped and observed by one neutral-faced experimenter. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Subjective Value Assigned to Food Stimuli | Measured as participants' willingness-to-pay ($) for snack foods across the behavioral task. (Aims 1 and 4). | Study Visit (Day 1 - Approx. 2 Hours) |
| Valence Rating Score of OASIS Images | Valence is rated on a scale from 0 (very negative) to 6 (very positive). (Aims 2 and 4) | Study Visit (Day 1 - Approx. 2 Hours) |
| Pleasantness Rating Score of OASIS Images | Pleasantness is rated on a scale from 0 (very unpleasant) to 6 (very pleasant). (Aims 2 and 4) | Study Visit (Day 1 - Approx. 2 Hours) |
| Intensity Rating Score of OASIS Images | Intensity is rated on a scale from 0 (very low) to 6 (very high). (Aims 2 and 4) | Study Visit (Day 1 - Approx. 2 Hours) |
| Emotion Predictions - Valence | Difference in valence ratings before and after trial outcomes. (Aims 3 and 4) | Study Visit (Day 1 - Approx. 2 Hours) |
| Emotion Predictions - Pleasantness | Difference in pleasantness ratings before and after trial outcomes. (Aims 3 and 4) | Study Visit (Day 1 - Approx. 2 Hours) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) Score | The PSS is a 10-item assessment of stressful feelings and thoughts over the past month; each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (never) to 4 (fairly often). The total score is the sum of responses and ranges from 0-20. Higher scores indicate greater levels of perceived stress. (Aims 3 and 4) | Study Visit (Day 1 - Approx. 2 Hours) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Aims 1-3: To be eligible for participation in this study, an individual must meet all of the following criteria:
Aim 4: To be eligible for participation in this study, an individual must meet all of the following criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Aims 1-3: Individuals will be excluded from participation if any of the following criteria are met:
Aim 4: Individuals will be excluded from participation if any of the following criteria are met:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Candace Raio, PhD | Contact | 212-404-4223 | Candace.Raio@nyulangone.org | |
| Ariana Wahab | Contact | 212-404-3850 | Ariana.Wahab@nyulangone.org |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Candace Raio, PhD | NYU Langone Health | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NYU Langone Health | Recruiting | New York | New York | 10016 | United States |
Data collected in this study will be used for upcoming grant submissions and not publication. We do not intend to share unpublished pilot data that goes into our grant proposals. The data collected in this study are used to acquire funding for a fully powered version of this pilot study.
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| Aim 3: Socially Evaluated Cold Pressor Task (SECPT) | Experimental | Participants will first complete demographic and self-report measures, followed by random assignment to complete the SECPT. Cortisol samples will be collected throughout the study session to measure neuroendocrine response to the stress/control task. Participants will then complete the Affective Prediction Error Task. |
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| Aim 3: Non-Stressful Control Task | Active Comparator | Participants will be randomly assigned to complete a non-stressful control task. Cortisol samples will be collected throughout the study session. Participants will then complete the Affective Prediction Task. |
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| Aim 4: Behavioral Task | No Intervention | Participants with a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) will complete a two-session behavioral task examining how clinical anxiety affects value and affective predictions. |
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| Non-Stressful Control Task | Behavioral | Participants assigned to the warm water control condition will perform a non-evaluative task with warm water. |
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| Holmes-RaHe Life Stress Inventory Score | Measurement of lifetime stress; comprises 43 items, each item represents a stressful event that may have occurred over the course of the participant's lifetime. The total score is the total number of stressful events that have occured; the total score ranges from 0-43; higher scores indicate greater lifetime stress. (Aims 3 and 4) | Study Visit (Day 1 - Approx. 2 Hours) |
| Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA-2) Score | The MAIA-2 is a 37-item assessment of interoceptive awareness. Each item is rated on a 6-point Likert scale from 0 (never) to 5 (always); the total score is the average of responses and ranges from 0 to 5; higher scores indicate greater equates to more awareness of bodily sensation. | Study Visit (Day 1 - Approx. 2 Hours) |