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This prospective interventional study was conducted at Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College to compare the postoperative analgesic effects of ketamine and magnesium sulphate in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A total of 78 ASA I-II patients were included and randomly allocated into two equal groups (39 patients in each group) using a sealed-envelope technique. One group received ketamine, while the other received magnesium sulphate, following a standardized intraoperative anesthesia protocol. All patients were provided routine postoperative medications according to institutional practice. Pain scores were recorded using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at 1, 6, 12, and 24 hours after surgery. The objective of this study was to determine which drug offered better postoperative pain relief, thereby contributing to improved analgesic strategies for patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Effective postoperative pain control plays a crucial role in accelerating recovery, minimizing physiological stress, and improving patient satisfaction after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This prospective interventional study was carried out in the Department of Anesthesiology at Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College to evaluate and compare the analgesic benefits of intravenous ketamine and magnesium sulphate in adults undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
A total of 78 patients classified as ASA I and II with uncomplicated symptomatic gallstones were recruited after obtaining ethical approval and written informed consent. The study was conducted in a double-blinded, participants were randomized into two groups through a sealed-envelope technique: Group K (n = 39) received ketamine, while Group M (n = 39) received magnesium sulphate adding both of the intervention were active drug agent. Patients with ASA III-V, chronic pain disorders, psychiatric illness, pregnancy or breastfeeding status, significant hepatic, renal, or cardiac impairment, or recent use of opioids or NSAIDs were excluded.
All enrolled individuals underwent routine preoperative evaluation and overnight fasting. General anesthesia was induced with propofol and atracurium and maintained with isoflurane, with continuous monitoring of vital parameters including heart rate, non-invasive blood pressure, ECG, oxygen saturation, and end-tidal COâ‚‚. At the completion of surgery, neuromuscular blockade was reversed with neostigmine. Standard postoperative medications consisted of intravenous diclofenac sodium every 8 hours for background analgesia, along with ondansetron for nausea prophylaxis.
Postoperative pain levels were documented using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at 1, 6, 12, and 24 hours following surgery. Patients who experienced significant pain were administered intravenous Kinz 5 mg as rescue analgesia, with administration times recorded by nursing personnel.
This study offered meaningful evidence regarding the comparative analgesic performance of ketamine and magnesium sulphate in the early postoperative period after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The findings support their potential utility as part of a multimodal analgesic approach aimed at improving patient comfort and enhancing postoperative recovery.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ketamine Group | Active Comparator | The ketamine dose was prepared at 0.5 mg/kg of body weight, diluted with normal saline to make a total volume of 10 mL, and administered intravenously as a single bolus during anesthesia reversal after the surgery was completed. |
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| Magnesium Sulphate | Active Comparator | The magnesium sulfate dose was prepared as 2 mg, diluted with normal saline to a total volume of 10 mL, and administered intravenously as a single stat dose at the time of anesthesia reversal after completion of surgery. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IV ketamine 0.5 mg/kg | Drug | Here is a rewritten and unbolded version of your paragraph: --- Patients in the ketamine group were given intravenous ketamine at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg of body weight, diluted with normal saline to a total volume of 10 mL. The solution was administered as a single intravenous injection at the time of anesthesia reversal, immediately after completion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The drug was given under aseptic conditions by an anesthetist who was unaware of group allocation. All patients received standard postoperative care, including intravenous diclofenac sodium 75 mg every 8 hours for baseline analgesia and intravenous ondansetron 4 mg for nausea prophylaxis. Postoperative pain was assessed at 1, 6, 12, and 24 hours using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Patients reporting significant pain were given intravenous Kinz 5 mg as rescue analgesia, with the timing of administration recorded. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Postoperative Pain Score | Postoperative pain was evaluated using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at 1, 6, 12, and 24 hours after surgery to compare the efficacy and duration of analgesia between the ketamine and lidocaine groups. These time points were chosen to capture both early and late pain responses within the first 24 hours of recovery. | Postoperative pain was assessed at the 1st, 6th, 12th, and 24th hours |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ali Asgher, Mbbs, FCPS | Liaquat National Hospital | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anesthesiology Department Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College | Karachi | Sindh | 78400 | Pakistan |
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| IV 2mg of Magnesium Sulphate | Drug | Patients in the magnesium sulfate group received 2 mg of the drug, which was diluted with normal saline to a total volume of 10 mL and administered intravenously as a single stat dose at the time of anesthesia reversal following completion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The injection was performed under aseptic conditions by an anesthetist who was blinded to group assignment. All participants received routine postoperative care, including intravenous diclofenac sodium 75 mg every 8 hours for baseline pain control and intravenous ondansetron 4 mg to prevent nausea. Postoperative pain intensity was measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at 1, 6, 12, and 24 hours. Patients experiencing significant pain were given intravenous Kinz 5 mg as rescue analgesia, and the timing of administration was recorded for documentation. |
|
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010146 | Pain |
| D010149 | Pain, Postoperative |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D011183 | Postoperative Complications |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007649 | Ketamine |
| D008278 | Magnesium Sulfate |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003510 | Cyclohexanes |
| D003516 | Cycloparaffins |
| D006840 | Hydrocarbons, Alicyclic |
| D006844 | Hydrocarbons, Cyclic |
| D006838 | Hydrocarbons |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
| D017616 | Magnesium Compounds |
| D007287 | Inorganic Chemicals |
| D013431 | Sulfates |
| D013464 | Sulfuric Acids |
| D013456 | Sulfur Acids |
| D013457 | Sulfur Compounds |
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