Participants receive a combined intervention of motor imagery and vestibular rehabilitation. Sessions last 55 minutes, including 5 min breathing warm-up, 20 min motor imagery training, 20 min vestibular exercises for balance and dizziness reduction, and 10 min cool-down/relaxation. The program aims to improve balance, cognitive function, and quality of life in patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Symptoms are monitored to avoid overexertion or symptom exacerbation.

Participants receive conventional care for Multiple Sclerosis, including routine medical follow-up and standard physiotherapy if applicable. No specific motor imagery or vestibular rehabilitation exercises are administered. This group serves as a comparison to evaluate the effects of the experimental intervention.

This 8-week program, 3 sessions/week, 55- 60 min each, includes 4 steps:

Warm-up (5 min): Breathing exercises progressing from basic diaphragmatic and pursed-lip breathing (weeks 1-2), light movement with breathing (weeks 3-4), to Inspiratory Muscle Training device (weeks 5-8).

Motor Imagery (15 min): Foundational phase (weeks 1-2) imagining basic movements, skills building (weeks 3-4) with functional daily tasks, advanced phase (weeks 5-8) imagining complex tasks, environmental and cognitive challenges (e.g., sports, obstacle navigation, walking on uneven surfaces).

Vestibular Rehabilitation (15 min): Foundational (weeks 1-2) gaze stabilization and static balance (VOR, VSR, VCR), dynamic balance and dual-task exercises (weeks 3-6), advanced functional balance and vestibular-cognition integration (weeks 7-8).

Cool-down (10 min): Relaxation and symptom monitoring to prevent overexertion, dizziness, or fatigue.

It is a cognitive screening tool commonly used in clinics and research to assess individual cognitive impairment and its severity. It helps therapists evaluate a patient's cognitive function and identify changes over time by assessing mental capacity functions and takes about 10-15 minutes to complete., which includes Attention & Concentration, Executive Functions, Memory, Language, Visuospatial Skills and Orientation (19).

1. The test is scored out of 30 points.
2. A score of 26 or higher is considered normal.
3. Scores below 26 may indicate mild cognitive impairment or early dementia.

To assess balance and fall risk in Arabic-speaking patients with neurological disorders, lower scores indicate more severe balance problems (23).

1. 41-56: Low fall risk
2. 21-40: Moderate fall risk.
3. 0-20: High fall risk."

DVA assesses visual acuity during head movement to evaluate vestibulo-ocular reflex integrity.It is a functional test designed to evaluate the integrity of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), which stabilizes the eyes during head motion. DVA is commonly employed to detect vestibular dysfunction and is particularly useful for evaluating vestibular function in patients experiencing dizziness, balance disorders, or conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), where vestibular dysfunction is common

Bedside assessment of semicircular canal/VOR function. Outcome recorded as presence/absence of corrective saccades and qualitative clinician rating of gain; improvement indicates better vestibular function.It is a clinical test used to identify deficits in the semicircular canals, especially the horizontal canal, and is useful for detecting peripheral vestibular deficits. It assesses the ability of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) to maintain stable vision during rapid, unpredictable head movements

The Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale-29 (MSIS-29) is a clinical tool used by patients to assess the impact of MS on their quality of life. The questionnaire consists of 29 questions and evaluates both physical and psychological well-being, helping to determine how MS affects daily life