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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uşak University | Other Identifier | 207-01-08 |
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The purpose of this study is to examine the acute effects of different warm-up protocols on performance outcomes in adolescent male football goalkeepers. Specifically, it investigates the impact of aerobic running, static stretching, dynamic stretching, and movement preparation on flexibility, explosive power, and dynamic balance.
This randomized crossover study examined the acute effects of four 15-minute warm-up protocols-Aerobic Running (AR), Static Stretching (SS), Dynamic Stretching (DS), and Movement Preparation (MP)-on flexibility, explosive lower-limb power, and dynamic balance in 15 adolescent male football goalkeepers. Participants were licensed youth goalkeepers with consistent sleep, diet, and training routines. Warm-up order was randomized and both participants and administrators were blinded to the condition. Flexibility, power, and balance were assessed using the sit-and-reach test, standing long jump, and Y Balance Test, respectively, with the best of three trials recorded. Heart rate was monitored to maintain internal load at 60-75% of age-predicted maximum. All sessions were supervised by a certified sports scientist, and anthropometric data were collected prior to testing. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arm 1: Aerobic Running Warm-Up (AR) | Experimental | Participants perform a 15-minute aerobic running protocol with heart rate maintained at 60-75% of age-predicted maximum (HRₘₐₓ). Includes 7 minutes of light jogging followed by slight intensity increase. |
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| Arm 2: Static Stretching Warm-Up (SS) | Experimental | Participants perform 5 minutes of light jogging, followed by static stretches of six lower-limb muscle groups (gastrocnemius, quadriceps, hamstrings, hip flexors, adductors, gluteals). Each muscle stretched twice for 30 seconds. Finishes with 3-4 minutes of light dynamic movements. |
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| Arm 3: Dynamic Stretching Warm-Up (DS) | Experimental | Participants perform 5 minutes of light jogging, followed by dynamic stretches targeting the same six lower-limb muscle groups over 10-15 meters with short rest between repetitions. |
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| Arm 4: Movement Preparation Warm-Up (MP) | Experimental | Participants perform a combination of light jogging, multi-joint mobility drills (e.g., lateral shuffles, inchworms), submaximal sprinting (80-90% maximum velocity), and low-intensity balance drills adapted from FIFA 11+ and HarmoKnee. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention 1: Aerobic Running (AR) Warm-Up | Behavioral | 15-minute aerobic running protocol. Heart rate maintained at 60-75% of age-predicted maximum (HRₘₐₓ). Includes 7 minutes light jogging followed by slight intensity increase. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Flexibility (Sit and Reach) | Flexibility of the posterior chain was assessed using the sit-and-reach test with a standardized measurement box. Participants performed three trials barefoot with knees fully extended, and the best score was recorded in centimeters. | Immediately post-intervention, after each warm-up session (4 sessions, separated by at least 48 hours). |
| Explosive Lower-Limb Power (Standing Long Jump) | Explosive horizontal power was measured by the standing long jump test. From a standing position, participants jumped bilaterally as far as possible. The distance was measured to the nearest cm from the starting line to the rearmost heel. Three maximal trials were performed with 2 minutes rest, and the best score was used. | Immediately post-intervention, after each warm-up session (4 sessions, separated by at least 48 hours). |
| Dynamic Balance (Y Balance Test normalized composite score) | Dynamic postural control was assessed using the Y Balance Test. Reach distances in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions were normalized to leg length. A composite score (mean of three directions) was calculated and used for analysis. | Immediately post-intervention, after each warm-up session (4 sessions, separated by at least 48 hours). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Anthropometric Parameters (Height, Weight, BMI) | Body height (cm), body weight (kg), and BMI (kg/m²) measured with stadiometer and electronic scale prior to warm-up interventions. | Baseline (Day 1, prior to the first warm-up intervention session) |
| Internal Load (Heart Rate Monitoring) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Only male participants are eligible.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Mustafa AKIL, Professor Dr. | Uşak University | Principal Investigator |
| Melek G. GUNGOR | Uşak University | Principal Investigator |
| Mehmet Emin Yelken, Ph.D. | Ilgaz Provincial Directorate of Youth and Sports | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uşak University | Uşak | 64200 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
A definitive plan regarding the sharing of individual participant data has not been established at this time
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No additional parties are masked in this study. Only the outcome assessors are blinded to the warm-up protocol.
| Intervention 2: Static Stretching (SS) Warm-Up | Behavioral | 5 minutes light jogging followed by static stretches of six lower-limb muscles (gastrocnemius, quadriceps, hamstrings, hip flexors, adductors, gluteals). Each muscle stretched twice for 30 seconds, finishing with 3-4 minutes of light dynamic movements. |
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| Intervention 3: Dynamic Stretching (DS) Warm-Up | Behavioral | 5 minutes light jogging followed by dynamic stretches targeting the same six muscle groups over 10-15 meters with brief rest between repetitions. |
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| Intervention 4: Movement Preparation (MP) Warm-Up | Behavioral | Description: Combination of light jogging, multi-joint mobility drills (e.g., lateral shuffles, inchworms), submaximal sprinting (80-90% max velocity), and low-intensity balance drills adapted from FIFA 11+ and HarmoKnee. |
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Heart rate continuously monitored with Polar RS300X. Intensity calibrated to maintain 60-75% of age-predicted HRmax, calculated individually using Tanaka formula [208 - (0.7 × age)]. |
| During each warm-up session (15 minutes, across AR, SS, DS, MP protocols) |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D063996 | Warm-Up Exercise |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015444 | Exercise |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
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