Participants in the experimental group underwent whole-body vibration (WBV) training three times per week for a total duration of 24 weeks. During each session, participants stood barefoot on a vibration platform, maintaining a static squat position with knees bent at 30 degrees and feet shoulder-width apart. The training protocol gradually increased in duration, number of sets, and total exercise time from an initial 10 minutes to 30 minutes over the 24-week period. The vibration frequency was progressively raised from 20 Hz to 40 Hz, with a constant amplitude of 2 mm. Each 10-minute session included a 1-minute rest interval. Additionally, all participants were provided with the "Move for Health" handbook issued by the Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan, as part of health education guidance. Post-intervention data collection was conducted at weeks 18 and 25 following the 24-week intervention program.

The control group received the "Move for Health" handbook issued by the Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan, and participated in 30-minute health education sessions over a 24-week period. The educational content included exercise-related information, an introduction to dynapenic abdominal obesity (DAO), associated risk factors, and potential health consequences. Post-intervention data collection was conducted at weeks 18 and 25 following the 24-week intervention program.

whole body vibration training and health education booklet

Total Cholesterol (TC) Time Frame: Baseline, 3 months, 6 months；Description: Serum total cholesterol level measured in mg/dL. Reference value: < 200 mg/dL.

Triglycerides (TG) Time Frame: Baseline, 3 months, 6 months；Description: Serum triglyceride level measured in mg/dL. Reference value: < 150 mg/dL.

Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) Time Frame: Baseline, 3 months, 6 months；Description: Serum LDL cholesterol measured in mg/dL. Reference value: < 130 mg/dL.

High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C)Time Frame: Baseline, 3 months, 6 months；Description: Serum HDL cholesterol measured in mg/dL. Reference values: > 40 mg/dL for men, > 50 mg/dL for women.

C-Reactive Protein (CRP)Time Frame: Baseline, 3months, 6 months；Description: Quantitative serum CRP level measured in mg/dL. Normal reference value: 0.3 mg/dL.

Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)Time Frame: Baseline, 3 months, 6 months；Description: HbA1c percentage measured in blood. Normal Brain-Derived Neurotroph in pg/mL using

This study employed dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), a widely used and clinically safe method for assessing bone health. The DXA system (brand referenced in previous publications) operates by emitting a low-radiation dose (±10 μSv) X-ray beam to measure the extent of X-ray penetration through body tissues. Based on the absorption data, the device calculates bone mineral density (BMD). Since bones absorb more X-rays and have high penetrability, while fat absorbs less and has low penetrability, DXA effectively differentiates between tissue types. DXA results are typically interpreted using T-scores for BMD. A T-score ≥ -1.0 indicates normal bone density and good skeletal health. A T-score between -2.5 and -1.0 suggests low bone mass (osteopenia), indicating a decreased BMD but not yet at the threshold for osteoporosis. A T-score ≤ -2.5 defines osteoporosis, indicating significantly reduced BMD and a higher risk of fractures. Severe osteoporosis is diagnosed when a T-score ≤ -2.5.

The Taiwan version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire is a shortened version derived from the original 100-item WHOQOL-100 developed by the World Health Organization. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the questionnaire support a four-domain model consisting of physical health, psychological well-being, social relationships, and environment. The internal consistency (Cronbach's α) of these four domains ranges from 0.70 to 0.77. The questionnaire includes 28 items: one item for overall quality of life, one for general health, seven for physical health, six for psychological well-being, three for social relationships, and eight for environmental factors. The scale uses a 5-point Likert format based on frequency, intensity, capability, and evaluation. Higher scores indicate better quality of life.