During the active stimulation period, participants completed 11 sessions of active stimulation within 11 days in their own homes. The stimulation duration per session was 9-12 minutes, administered once daily.

During the sham stimulation period, participants completed 11 sessions of sham stimulation in their own homes within 11 days, with the same stimulation frequency and duration as the active stimulation group. The intervention was delivered at the same target area and wavelength; the intensity was matched to that of the active stimulation during the first 30 seconds and the last 30 seconds of each session, while no intervention was applied in the intermediate period.

During the active stimulation period, participants completed 11 sessions of active stimulation within 11 days in their own homes. The stimulation duration per session was 9-12 minutes, administered once daily.

The Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Version IV (SNAP-IV) scale includes a total score and three subset scores, with higher scores indicating more severe ADHD symptoms.

The Sleep Disturbances Scale for Children (SDSC) is a widely used standardized tool designed to assess sleep problems in children and adolescents (typically aged 6-18 years). It evaluates various dimensions of sleep disturbances, with subscales (subsets) that target specific types of sleep disorders. Higher scores indicate more prominent sleep problems.

The Behavioral Inhibition/Activation System Scales (BIS/BAS) is a widely used self-report instrument designed to assess individual differences in two fundamental motivational systems proposed by Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory: the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) and the Behavioral Activation System (BAS). High BIS scores: Indicate a heightened sensitivity to negative stimuli, punishment, or potential threats. BAS scores primarily reflect sensitivity to positive stimuli/rewards: Higher scores = greater motivation, impulsivity, or approach behavior; lower scores = reduced reward responsiveness or motivation. The BAS scale typically includes three subscales.

Electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded during participants' performance of a visual search task. The primary analyses focused on the latency and amplitude of the N2pc waveform, as well as the power spectra of bands such as alpha, during the task performance both before and after the intervention.