The goal of this study is to understand how menopause affects skin aging in Egyptian women between the ages of 40 and 60.

The main question the study wants to answer is:

Does menopause cause any changes in how the skin ages?

To find out, the participants will be divided into two groups based on their menstrual history:

• Women who have not yet gone through menopause (premenopausal)
• Women who have already gone through menopause (postmenopausal) A researcher will examine the skin of women in both groups to look for signs of aging. Then, the results will be compared to see if there are any differences between the two groups.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Females aged 40 to 60 years

• Egyptian nationality or residency

• Ability to provide informed consent

• Classified as either:

  • Premenopausal (still menstruating regularly)
  • Postmenopausal (no menstruation for ≥12 months)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Menopausal transition (Perimenopausal women
• Menopause induced by hysterectomy
• History of hormone therapy in the past 6 months
• Active dermatological conditions affecting the face (e.g. eczema, psoriasis)
• Use of anti-aging skin treatments (e.g. laser, fillers, retinoids)
• Severe chronic illnesses that may affect skin condition

This study will include Egyptian women between the ages of 40 and 60 years who are either premenopausal or postmenopausal, based on their menstrual history.

participants must be in good general health and not currently receiving hormone replacement therapy or any treatment known to affect skin condition.