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The goal of this interventional study is to evaluate the long-term benefits of eccentric (ECC) cycling exercise on physiological responses, exercise capacity, and quality of life (QoL) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The main questions it aims to answer are:
Researchers will compare moderate- and high-intensity ECC cycling to CON cycling (conventional cycling) to see if ECC cycling can be a viable alternative or complement to existing exercise protocols for managing T2DM.
Participants will:
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate intensity eccentric cycling (MI-ECC) | Experimental |
| |
| High intensity eccentric cycling (HI-ECC) | Experimental |
| |
| Moderate intensity concentric cycling (MI-CON) | Active Comparator |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate-intensity eccentric cycling | Other |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) | Baseline and post-intervention at 10 weeks | |
| Lipid profile | Baseline and post-intervention at 10 weeks | |
| Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) | isometric quadriceps peak torque (QPT) and isokinetic QPT | Baseline, mid-intervention (6 weeks), and post-intervention (10 weeks). |
| Exercise capacity | 6-minute walk test (6-MWT) | Baseline, mid-intervention (6 weeks), and post-intervention (10 weeks) |
| 13-item Revised Version of Diabetes Quality of Life (RV-DQOL13) | Scores range from 13 to 65, with higher scores reflecting reduced quality of life | Baseline, mid-intervention (6 weeks), and post-intervention (10 weeks) |
| Short Form-12 (SF-12) health survey | Scoring ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better physical and mental health. | Baseline, mid-intervention (6 weeks), and post-intervention (10 weeks) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Electromyography (EMG) for muscle activity assessment | To assess quadriceps muscle activity (rectus femoris, vastus medialis oblique, and vastus lateralis) during maximal voluntary contraction. | Baseline, mid-intervention (6 weeks), and post-intervention (10 weeks) |
| Blood pressure |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Syamimi Shamsuddin | Contact | +6045622024 | syamimi.s@usm.my |
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardio and Muscle Function Laboratory, Pusat Perubatan USM Bertam | Kepala Batas | Pulau Pinang | 13200 | Malaysia |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 37293426 | Background | Ansari M, Hardcastle S, Myers S, Williams AD. The Health and Functional Benefits of Eccentric versus Concentric Exercise Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Sports Sci Med. 2023 Jun 1;22(2):288-309. doi: 10.52082/jssm.2023.288. eCollection 2023 Jun. | |
| 37814520 | Background | Borot L, Pageaux B, Laroche D, Vergotte G, Lepers R, Perrey S. Eccentric cycling involves greater mental demand and cortical activation of the frontoparietal network. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2024 Jan;34(1):e14517. doi: 10.1111/sms.14517. Epub 2023 Oct 9. |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| Related Info | View source |
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This study is an open-label, single-centre, parallel-group, three-arm, randomised controlled study.
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|
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| High-intensity eccentric cycling | Other |
|
|
|
| Moderate-intensity concentric cycling | Other |
|
|
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systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), |
| Baseline and up to 10 weeks |
| Heart rate | Baseline and up to 10 weeks |
| Borg Category-Ratio scale (Borg CR-10) | The scale ranges from 0 (nothing at all) to 10 (extremely strong) to represent the participants' subjective feelings of breathlessness and leg fatigue. | Every cycling training session from week 1 to week 10 |
| Body weight | Body weight in kilograms (kg) | Baseline, mid-intervention (6 weeks), and post-intervention (10 weeks) |
| Height | Height in centimeters (cm) | Baseline, mid-intervention (6 weeks), and post-intervention (10 weeks) |
| Body mass index (BMI) | BMI is calculated as weight (kg) divided by height (m²). | Baseline, mid-intervention (6 weeks), and post-intervention (10 weeks) |
| Body circumference | Measure the waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), and thigh circumference (TC) in centimetres with a measuring tape. | Baseline, mid-intervention (6 weeks), and post-intervention (10 weeks) |
| The short version of the physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES-S) | Exercise enjoyment will be assessed using a five-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree), with total scores ranging from 4 to 20; higher scores indicate greater enjoyment. | Mid-intervention (6 weeks), and post-intervention (10 weeks) |
| 28663378 | Background | Penailillo L, Blazevich AJ, Nosaka K. Factors contributing to lower metabolic demand of eccentric compared with concentric cycling. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2017 Oct 1;123(4):884-893. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00536.2016. Epub 2017 Jun 29. |
| 27899894 | Background | Hoppeler H. Moderate Load Eccentric Exercise; A Distinct Novel Training Modality. Front Physiol. 2016 Nov 16;7:483. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00483. eCollection 2016. |
| 19183097 | Background | Marcus RL, Lastayo PC, Dibble LE, Hill L, McClain DA. Increased strength and physical performance with eccentric training in women with impaired glucose tolerance: a pilot study. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2009 Feb;18(2):253-60. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2007.0669. |
| 30984032 | Background | Clos P, Laroche D, Stapley PJ, Lepers R. Neuromuscular and Perceptual Responses to Sub-Maximal Eccentric Cycling. Front Physiol. 2019 Mar 28;10:354. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00354. eCollection 2019. |
| 23475167 | Background | Penailillo L, Blazevich A, Numazawa H, Nosaka K. Metabolic and muscle damage profiles of concentric versus repeated eccentric cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013 Sep;45(9):1773-81. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31828f8a73. |
| 23823152 | Background | LaStayo P, Marcus R, Dibble L, Frajacomo F, Lindstedt S. Eccentric exercise in rehabilitation: safety, feasibility, and application. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2014 Jun 1;116(11):1426-34. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00008.2013. Epub 2013 Jul 3. |
| 12730250 | Background | LaStayo PC, Ewy GA, Pierotti DD, Johns RK, Lindstedt S. The positive effects of negative work: increased muscle strength and decreased fall risk in a frail elderly population. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003 May;58(5):M419-24. doi: 10.1093/gerona/58.5.m419. |
| 34930480 | Background | Kudiarasu C, Rohadhia W, Katsura Y, Koeda T, Singh F, Nosaka K. Eccentric-only versus concentric-only resistance training effects on biochemical and physiological parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2021 Dec 20;13(1):162. doi: 10.1186/s13102-021-00384-z. |
| 30222208 | Background | Julian V, Thivel D, Miguet M, Pereira B, Costes F, Coudeyre E, Duclos M, Richard R. Eccentric cycling is more efficient in reducing fat mass than concentric cycling in adolescents with obesity. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2019 Jan;29(1):4-15. doi: 10.1111/sms.13301. Epub 2018 Oct 4. |
| 37775653 | Background | Szucs G, Pipicz M, Szabo MR, Csont T, Torok L, Csonka C. Effect of Eccentric Exercise on Metabolic Health in Diabetes and Obesity. Sports Med Open. 2023 Sep 29;9(1):91. doi: 10.1186/s40798-023-00596-2. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003924 | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003920 | Diabetes Mellitus |
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |
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