This project intends to conduct a large-sample, prospective, multicenter clinical cohort study in healthy populations. By utilizing a digital cardiopulmonary rehabilitation clinical data research platform, The investigators aim to achieve automated, standardized, and uniform collection, analysis, and AI modeling of large-scale cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) data. The ultimate goals are:

To establish reference standards for cardiopulmonary exercise capacity in the Chinese healthy population.

To develop machine learning-based predictive models for key CPET variables (e.g., peak VO₂) tailored to Chinese demographics.

To compare performance differences between domestically produced and imported CPET devices.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Detailed medical history taken, with no symptoms of discomfort reported
• Good physical condition, with no history of severe chronic diseases
• No history of long - term medication use
• Willing to undergo cardiopulmonary exercise testing, with no ST - T segment changes observed during the test
• Age: 18 - 65 years old
• BMI: 18.5 - 28kg/m²
• No smoking history or quit smoking for ≥5 years
• Physical examination reports within 2 years show no significant abnormalities.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Pre - test resting blood pressure ≥160/100 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)
• Chronic cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure, coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, hypertension, congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathy, and severe arrhythmias
• Respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, pulmonary artery hypertension, bronchiectasis, and respiratory failure
• Digestive system diseases, such as peptic ulcer, gastrointestinal bleeding, hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, chronic pancreatitis, and chronic cholecystitis
• Endocrine system diseases, such as hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, diabetes, and other diseases with clear hormone abnormalities
• Acute or chronic kidney diseases, blood system diseases, malignant tumors, and bone and joint diseases that affect activity
• No history of acute infection within 2 weeks
• Unable to cooperate with the examination
• Contraindications to cardiopulmonary exercise testing: acute myocardial infarction

Healthy individuals aged 18 - 65.

all IPD collected throughout the trial, only IPD used in the results publication