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This randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the effects of virtual reality (VR) glasses and the use of a stress ball on anxiety, pain, and satisfaction levels in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups: one group received both VR and stress ball interventions during the procedure, while the control group received standard care. Anxiety, pain, and satisfaction levels were assessed and compared across the three groups at the conclusion of the procedure. The study seeks to contribute to evidence on non-pharmacological methods to improve patient comfort during invasive cardiac procedures.
This randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the effects of virtual reality (VR) glasses and the use of a stress ball on anxiety, pain, and satisfaction levels in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups: one group received both VR and stress ball interventions during the procedure, while the control group received standard care. Anxiety, pain, and satisfaction levels were assessed and compared across the three groups at the conclusion of the procedure. The study seeks to contribute to evidence on non-pharmacological methods to improve patient comfort during invasive cardiac procedures.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| VR Group"Participants in this group were provided with virtual reality glasses during coronary angio | Experimental | Participants in this group were provided with virtual reality glasses during coronary angiography to assess the effect on anxiety, pain, and satisfaction. |
|
| Stress Ball Group | Experimental | Participants in this group used a stress ball during coronary angiography to evaluate its effect on anxiety, pain, and satisfaction. |
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| Control Group | No Intervention | Participants in this group received standard care during coronary angiography without the use of virtual reality glasses or stress ball. Anxiety, pain, and satisfaction levels were assessed |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Glasses | Device | articipants in the VR group used virtual reality glasses during coronary angiography to reduce anxiety and pain and improve satisfaction. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in State Anxiety Inventory (SAI) Scores | the study will measure changes in situational anxiety levels of patients undergoing coronary angiography, using the State Anxiety Inventory (SAI) before and after the procedure with virtual reality glasses and stress balls. The SAI consists of 20 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale, with total scores ranging from 20 to 80; higher scores indicate higher anxiety. | Before and immediately after coronary angiography procedure |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Anxiety Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Scores | Patients' anxiety levels will be assessed before and after coronary angiography using a 10 cm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), where 0 indicates no anxiety and 10 indicates extreme anxiety. | Before and immediately after coronary angiography procedure |
| Change in Pain Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Scores |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Satisfaction with Virtual Reality Glasses Application | Patient satisfaction will be assessed using a 4-item custom form developed specifically for this study. The first item uses a 0 to 10 Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), where 0 indicates "not satisfied at all" and 10 indicates "extremely satisfied". The remaining items assess patient preferences and recommendations using multiple-choice questions (yes/no/undecided). Higher VAS scores reflect greater satisfaction. |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Zülfünaz Özer, PhD | İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim University | Study Chair |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Istanbul Sabattin Zaim Üniversitesi | Istanbul | Turkey (Türkiye) |
At this time, individual participant data (IPD) will not be shared due to concerns about patient privacy and confidentiality. Additionally, data sharing procedures are still under development. We are committed to protecting participants' personal information in accordance with applicable regulations and institutional policies.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001008 | Anxiety Disorders |
| D010146 | Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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randomize kontrollü
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| Stress Ball | Other | articipants in the stress ball group used a stress ball during coronary angiography to evaluate its effects on anxiety, pain, and satisfaction. |
|
Patients' pain levels will be evaluated before and after coronary angiography using a 10 cm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), where 0 means no pain and 10 indicates worst possible pain. |
| Before and immediately after coronary angiography procedure |
| Immediately after virtual reality glasses intervention |
| Satisfaction with Stress Ball Application | Patient satisfaction will be evaluated using a 4-item form developed for this study. The first item uses a 0 to 10 Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), where 0 indicates no satisfaction and 10 indicates the highest satisfaction. The remaining three items gather feedback through multiple-choice responses. Higher VAS scores indicate greater satisfaction. | Immediately after stress ball intervention |