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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ethics Committee | Other Identifier | Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry |
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This study aims to investigate whether obesity affects oral and gum health in children and adolescents. A total of 75 children aged 8 to 13 years participated, including both obese and non-obese individuals. All participants received a dental examination, and samples of saliva, blood, and gum fluid were collected to measure specific inflammation-related substances (such as IL-1α, IL-1β, and leptin). The presence of specific bacteria in the mouth was also analyzed.
This cross-sectional observational study aimed to investigate the relationship between pediatric obesity and periodontal health by integrating clinical, biochemical, and microbiological assessments. A total of 75 adolescents (36 obese and 39 non-obese), aged 8-13 years, were enrolled. Clinical oral evaluations included dft, DMFT, plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and probing depth (PD). Blood, saliva, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were collected for ELISA-based measurement of pro-inflammatory biomarkers (IL-1α, IL-1β, and leptin). Subgingival plaque samples were analyzed using real-time PCR to quantify six key periodontal pathogens.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Obese Group | Adolescents aged 8-13 years with a body mass index (BMI) above the 95th percentile for age and sex, classified as obese. Participants underwent dental examination and provided saliva, serum, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and subgingival plaque samples for biomarker and microbiological analysis. | ||
| Control Group (Normal Weight) | Adolescents aged 8-13 years with a BMI between the 5th and 85th percentiles for age and sex, considered to have normal weight. The same clinical and sample collection procedures were applied as in the obese group. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Salivary IL-1α Levels | This outcome measures the concentration of interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α) in unstimulated saliva and compares levels between obese and non-obese adolescents. Unit of Measure: pg/mL | At baseline (single time point, during sample collection visit) |
| Salivary IL-1β Levels | This outcome measures the concentration of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in unstimulated saliva and compares levels between obese and non-obese adolescents. Unit of Measure: pg/mL | At baseline |
| Salivary Leptin Levels | This outcome measures the concentration of leptin in unstimulated saliva and compares levels between obese and non-obese adolescents. Unit of Measure: pg/mL | At baseline |
| Serum IL-1α Levels | This outcome measures the concentration of interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α) in serum samples and compares levels between obese and non-obese adolescents. Unit of Measure: pg/mL | At baseline |
| Serum IL-1β Levels | This outcome measures the concentration of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in serum samples and compares levels between obese and non-obese adolescents. Unit of Measure: pg/mL | At baseline |
| Serum Leptin Levels | This outcome measures the concentration of leptin in serum samples and compares levels between obese and non-obese adolescents. Unit of Measure: pg/mL | At baseline |
| Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) IL-1α Levels |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis in Subgingival Plaque | Detection of P. gingivalis in subgingival plaque samples using real-time PCR. Results will be compared between obese and non-obese adolescents. Unit of Measure: Presence/Absence (or Log genome equivalents if quantitative PCR used) | At baseline (single time point) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Children aged between 8 and 13 years
Parental consent obtained
No systemic diseases other than obesity
No current medication use
Exclusion Criteria:
Use of antibiotics or anti-inflammatory drugs in the past 3 months
History of systemic disease (other than obesity for the obese group)
Undergoing orthodontic treatment
Missing permanent first molars
Uncooperative behavior during examination
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A total of 75 adolescents aged 8 to 13 years were included in the study. Participants were divided into two groups: obese (BMI > 95th percentile) and normal-weight (BMI 5th-85th percentile). Both groups were evaluated for periodontal status, inflammatory biomarkers, and subgingival microbiota.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Çağla Kondoz Torun, DDS | Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Pediatric Dentistry | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marmara University | Istanbul | Turkey (Türkiye) |
There is no plan to share individual participant data (IPD) due to ethical and privacy considerations. The study was not designed with data sharing provisions, and participant consent for future data sharing was not obtained.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D063766 | Pediatric Obesity |
| D010510 | Periodontal Diseases |
| D003773 | Dental Plaque |
| D003731 | Dental Caries |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009765 | Obesity |
| D050177 | Overweight |
| D044343 | Overnutrition |
| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
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Saliva, serum, GCF, and subgingival plaque samples were collected. DNA was extracted from plaque samples for microbial analysis.
This outcome measures the concentration of interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α) in GCF samples and compares levels between obese and non-obese adolescents. Unit of Measure: pg/mL |
| At baseline |
| GCF IL-1β Levels | This outcome measures the concentration of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in GCF samples and compares levels between obese and non-obese adolescents. Unit of Measure: pg/mL | At baseline |
| GCF Leptin Levels | This outcome measures the concentration of leptin in GCF samples and compares levels between obese and non-obese adolescents. Unit of Measure: pg/mL | At baseline |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | Unit of Measure: kg/m² Description: BMI is calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared (kg/m²). Measurements will be used to classify participants as obese (BMI ≥ 95th percentile) or non-obese (BMI < 75th percentile) according to age- and sex-specific CDC growth charts. Higher BMI values indicate greater obesity severity. | at baseline |
| Presence of Treponema denticola in Subgingival Plaque |
Detection of reponema denticola in subgingival plaque samples using real-time PCR. Results will be compared between obese and non-obese adolescents. Unit of Measure: Presence/Absence (or Log genome equivalents if quantitative PCR used) |
| At baseline (during clinical examination) |
| Presence of Tannerella forsythia in Subgingival Plaque | Detection of Tannerella forsythia in subgingival plaque samples using real-time PCR. Results will be compared between obese and non-obese adolescents. Unit of Measure: Presence/Absence (or Log genome equivalents if quantitative PCR used) | At baseline (during clinical examination) |
| Presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in Subgingival Plaque | Unit of Measure: Presence/absence (qualitative PCR) Description: Detection of A. actinomycetemcomitans in subgingival plaque samples using real-time PCR. Results will be compared between obese and non-obese adolescents. | At baseline |
| Presence of Prevotella intermedia in Subgingival Plaque | Unit of Measure: Presence/absence (qualitative PCR) Description: PCR-based detection of P. intermedia in subgingival plaque. Prevalence will be compared between obese and non-obese adolescents. | At baseline |
| Presence of Candida albicans in Subgingival Plaque | Unit of Measure: Presence/absence (qualitative PCR) Description: Identification of Candida albicans in subgingival plaque using real-time PCR and comparison of presence between obese and non-obese groups. | At baseline |
| Total Bacterial DNA in Subgingival Plaque | Unit of Measure: Log genome equivalents/sample (quantitative PCR) Description: Total bacterial DNA load in subgingival plaque will be quantified using real-time PCR and compared between obese and non-obese adolescents. | At baseline |
| Plaque Index (PI) Score | Unit of Measure: Index score (0-3 scale) Description: Plaque accumulation will be assessed using the Silness and Löe Plaque Index. Scores range from 0 (no plaque) to 3 (abundant plaque). Higher scores indicate worse oral hygiene. | At baseline (during clinical examination) |
| Gingival Index (GI) Score | Unit of Measure: Index score (0-3 scale) Description: Gingival inflammation will be evaluated using the Löe and Silness Gingival Index. Scores range from 0 (healthy) to 3 (severe inflammation). Higher scores indicate worse gingival health. | At baseline |
| Probing Depth (PD) | Unit of Measure: Millimeters (mm) Description: Probing depth will be measured at six sites per tooth using a Williams probe. Higher values indicate deeper periodontal pockets and worse periodontal condition. | At baseline |
| Bleeding on Probing (BOP) | Unit of Measure: Percentage of sites with bleeding (%) Description: The proportion of periodontal sites that bleed upon gentle probing will be recorded. Higher percentages indicate greater gingival inflammation. | at baseline |
| Dental Caries Experience (dft Index) | Unit of Measure: Number of affected teeth (dft score: 0 to 20) Description: The dft index (decayed and filled primary teeth) will be recorded to assess caries experience in the primary dentition. Scores range from 0 (no caries experience) to 20 (maximum caries experience in all primary teeth). Higher scores indicate worse dental health. | At baseline |
| D009750 |
| Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D001835 | Body Weight |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D009059 | Mouth Diseases |
| D009057 | Stomatognathic Diseases |
| D003741 | Dental Deposits |
| D014076 | Tooth Diseases |
| D017001 | Tooth Demineralization |