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In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of the botulinum toxin (BoNT) application on muscle thickness and motor recovery in stroke patients.
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. It poses a major risk for disability. Its prevalence is high in developing countries. Spasticity is among the complications of stroke. Excessive spasticity can cause impairments and limitations in patients' motor activity and participation in daily life. Botulinum toxin (BoNT) injection is one of the preferred treatment options. Studies on botulinum toxin administration in stroke patients generally focus on treatment efficacy and motor recovery. Studies examining the effects of botulinum toxin administration on both muscle thickness and motor recovery are few in number. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of the botulinum toxin (BoNT) application on upper extremity muscle thickness and motor recovery in stroke patients.
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Botulinum toxin application | Drug | Hemiplegic stroke patients who received upper extremity botulinum toxin will be evaluated retrospectively. Information regarding upper extremity motor recovery, spasticity levels, and muscle thickness measured by ultrasound before and one month after botulinum toxin administration will be obtained from file records. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Muscle Thickness | Muscle thickness measurements were performed using a Falcon 2101 EXL 2003 ultrasound device equipped with an 8 MHz linear probe, both before and one month after botulinum toxin application. In patients who received botulinum toxin injections into the m. brachialis, m. pronator teres, m. flexor carpi radialis, m. flexor carpi ulnaris, m. flexor digitorum profundus, and m. flexor digitorum superficialis, muscle thickness was measured using ultrasound from the proximal one-third of the volar side of the forearm. Measurements were taken before and one month after the application. Muscle thickness was recorded by measuring the vertical distance between the subcutaneous tissue and the radius and ulna bone borders on the ultrasound image. | Before treatment |
| Muscle Thickness | Muscle thickness measurements were performed using a Falcon 2101 EXL 2003 ultrasound device equipped with an 8 MHz linear probe, both before and one month after botulinum toxin application. In patients who received botulinum toxin injections into the m. brachialis, m. pronator teres, m. flexor carpi radialis, m. flexor carpi ulnaris, m. flexor digitorum profundus, and m. flexor digitorum superficialis, muscle thickness was measured using ultrasound from the proximal one-third of the volar side of the forearm. Measurements were taken before and one month after the application. Muscle thickness was recorded by measuring the vertical distance between the subcutaneous tissue and the radius and ulna bone borders on the ultrasound image. | 4 week after treatment |
| Brunnstrom Motor Recovery Stages | Brunnstrom stages is a scale used to assess motor recovery after a stroke, which is expressed using values between 1 and 6. The higher the value on this scale, the higher would be the recovery. | Before treatment |
| Brunnstrom Motor Recovery Stages | Brunnstrom stages is a scale used to assess motor recovery after a stroke, which is expressed using values between 1 and 6. The higher the value on this scale, the higher would be the recovery. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Modified Ashworth Scale | Spasticity in the shoulder will be evaluated according to the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS). The Modified Ashworth Scale is a 6-point scale. Scores range from 0 to 4, where lower scores represent normal muscle tone and higher scores represent increased degree of spasticity. | Before treatment |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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This study was designed as a retrospective cross-sectional study. The study included patients who had been hospitalized at Ä°zzet Baysal Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Education and Research Hospital with a diagnosis of hemiplegia due to stroke, had participated in a rehabilitation program, had given informed consent previously, and had received botulinum toxin injections to their upper extremities.
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abant Izzet Baysal University | Bolu | 14100 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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| 4 week after treatment |
| Modified Ashworth Scale |
Spasticity in the shoulder will be evaluated according to the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS). The Modified Ashworth Scale is a 6-point scale. Scores range from 0 to 4, where lower scores represent normal muscle tone and higher scores represent increased degree of spasticity. |
| 4 week after treatment |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D006429 | Hemiplegia |
| D009128 | Muscle Spasticity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010243 | Paralysis |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D009135 | Muscular Diseases |
| D009140 | Musculoskeletal Diseases |
| D009122 | Muscle Hypertonia |
| D020879 | Neuromuscular Manifestations |
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