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Invesitigators conducted a double-blind, randomized, and crossover study to investigate the effects of PCO and PCO + filters interventions on indoor air pollutants in households and health outcomes in susceptible group, such as asthma and COPD patients.
Invesitigators measured indoor air pollutants, including particulate matter, bioaerosols, gaseous pollutants, in households and health outcomes, including lung function, respiratory symptoms, fractional exhaled nitric oxide, blood pressure, biomarkers, urinary heavy metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, in susceptible group, such as asthma and COPD patients.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| photocatalytic oxidation intervention | Sham Comparator |
| |
| photocatalytic oxidation and filters intervention | Active Comparator |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Air purfiers with photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) | Other | PCO was proved to decompose gaseous pollutants in chamber studies, while there is no study investigate the effects in real-world. We used PCO air purifiers in households for two weeks. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Indoor air pollutants | The DustTrak DRX mass monitor (Model 8533, TSI, Shoreview, MN, USA) was used to measure PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM10, and TSP continuously for 24 h, and UFPs were measured for 15 min at a time by using the P-Trak Ultrafine Particle Counter (Model 8525, TSI, Shoreview, MN, USA). The YesAir 15-channel indoor air quality monitor (Critical Environment Technologies Canada, Delta, British Columbia, Canada) was used to measure TVOC, NO2, SO2, CO, and CO2 continuously for 24 h. Airborne bacteria and fungi were collected using MAS-100 air sampler, which is a single-stage microbiological sampler with tryptic soy agar (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI, USA) and malt extract agar (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI, USA). Airborne endotoxin and mite samples were collected using 1-µm pore polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) membrane filters (Pall Corporation, Port Washington, NY, USA) placed in disposable plastic cassettes (37 mm; HIBLOW SPP-25 GA, Techno Takatsuki, Japan). | One day 0 (before intervention) and day 1 (after intervention) |
| Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) | FeNO, considered an indicator of airway inflammation, was measured using the NIOX VERO device (Aerocrine AB, Solna, Sweden). | On day 0 ( before intervention), day 7 and day 13 ( after intervention) |
| Blood pressure | We employed the HEM-8712 device (Omron Healthcare Co. Ltd., Japan) to measure blood pressure. | On day 0 ( before intervention), day 7 and day 13 ( after intervention) |
| Heavy metals | We assessed 15 heavy metals in urine samples, including Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Cd, Cs, V, Cu, Zn, Mo, using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS, X-series II, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Germany). | On day 0 ( before intervention), day 7 and day 13 ( after intervention) |
| Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kaohsiung Medical University | Kaohsiung City | Kaohsiung | 807378 | Taiwan |
Individual participant data are not publicly available due to privacy and ethical restrictions.
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a double-blind, randomized, and crossover study
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| Air purfiers with photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) + filters | Other | PCO was proved to decompose gaseous pollutants in chamber studies, while there is no study investigate the effects in real-world. We used PCO and filters air purifiers in households for two weeks, to understand the effects comparing with PCO. |
|
We used SCIEX 4000QTRAP Triple Quadrupole Hybrid Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer to assess urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including 1-hydroxypyrene, 2-Hydroxyfluorene, 1-Hydroxyphenanthrene, 4-Hydroxyphenanthrene. |
| On day 0 ( before intervention), day 7 and day 13 ( after intervention) |
| microRNA | We evaluated miRNA, such as miR-146a-5p, miR-199a-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-222-3p, miR-155-5p, miR-29b-3p, miR-194-3p, using real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (StepOnePlus™ Real-Time PCR System). | On day 0 ( before intervention), day 7 and day 13 ( after intervention) |
| cell-free DNA | We evaluated cell-free DNA, using real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (StepOnePlus™ Real-Time PCR System). | On day 0 ( before intervention), day 7 and day 13 ( after intervention) |
| Cytokines | We evaluated cytokines, including IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, IL-25, IL-28A, IL-29, IL-31, IL-33, IL-34, and TGF-β1, using (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA) assay (R & D Systems, Minneapolis, MN). | On day 0 ( before intervention), day 7 and day 13 ( after intervention) |
| slow vital capacity (SVC) | A multifunction spirometer (HI-801, Chest MI, Tokyo, Japan) was employed to assess the lung function. | On day 0 ( before intervention), day 7 and day 13 ( after intervention) |
| forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) | A multifunction spirometer (HI-801, Chest MI, Tokyo, Japan) was employed. | On day 0 ( before intervention), day 7 and day 13 ( after intervention) |
| forced vital capacity (FVC) | A multifunction spirometer (HI-801, Chest MI, Tokyo, Japan) was employed. | On day 0 ( before intervention), day 7 and day 13 ( after intervention) |
| FEV1/FVC | A multifunction spirometer (HI-801, Chest MI, Tokyo, Japan) was employed to assess the lung function. | On day 0 ( before intervention), day 7 and day 13 ( after intervention) |
| peak expiratory flow (PEF) | A multifunction spirometer (HI-801, Chest MI, Tokyo, Japan) was employed to assess the lung function. | On day 0 ( before intervention), day 7 and day 13 ( after intervention) |
| maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMEF) | A multifunction spirometer (HI-801, Chest MI, Tokyo, Japan) was employed to assess the lung function. | On day 0 ( before intervention), day 7 and day 13 ( after intervention) |
| forced expiratory flow (FEF) at 25% (FEF25) | A multifunction spirometer (HI-801, Chest MI, Tokyo, Japan) was employed to assess the lung function. | On day 0 ( before intervention), day 7 and day 13 ( after intervention) |
| FEF50 | A multifunction spirometer (HI-801, Chest MI, Tokyo, Japan) was employed to assess the lung function. | On day 0 ( before intervention), day 7 and day 13 ( after intervention) |
| FEF75 | A multifunction spirometer (HI-801, Chest MI, Tokyo, Japan) was employed to assess the lung function. | On day 0 ( before intervention), day 7 and day 13 ( after intervention) |
| asthma control test (ACT) | The asthma control test (ACT) served as a measure of asthma control, with high scores indicating better control of the condition. | On day 0 ( before intervention), day 7 and day 13 ( after intervention) |
| Respiratory symptoms score | The respiratory symptoms score evaluated in the questionnaire were stuffy nose, sneezing, runny nose, cough, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. The participants were asked to rate the severity of each respiratory symptom by using a 4-point scale, where 0, 1, 2, and 3 denoted no, mild, moderate, and severe symptoms, respectively. | On day 0 ( before intervention), day 7 and day 13 ( after intervention) |
| COPD Assessment Test (CAT) | The COPD Assessment Test (CAT) includes eight items (cough, sputum, breathlessness, chest tightness, confidence, activity, sleep and energy levels), rated on a 5-point scale (1 to 5). | On day 0 ( before intervention), day 7 and day 13 ( after intervention) |
| modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale (mMRC) | The modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale (mMRC) assessed dyspnea using a 5-grade scale (Grade 0 to Grade 4). | On day 0 ( before intervention), day 7 and day 13 ( after intervention) |
| Breathlessness, Cough, and Sputum Scale (BCSS) | The Breathlessness, Cough, and Sputum Scale (BCSS) evaluated cough, sputum, and breathlessness using a 5-point scale (0 to 4). | On day 0 ( before intervention), day 7 and day 13 ( after intervention) |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001249 | Asthma |
| D004194 | Disease |
| D029424 | Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001982 | Bronchial Diseases |
| D012140 | Respiratory Tract Diseases |
| D008173 | Lung Diseases, Obstructive |
| D008171 | Lung Diseases |
| D012130 | Respiratory Hypersensitivity |
| D006969 | Hypersensitivity, Immediate |
| D006967 | Hypersensitivity |
| D007154 | Immune System Diseases |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D002908 | Chronic Disease |
| D020969 | Disease Attributes |
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