The control group received MUA without plasma treatment.

.The MUA allocated to the test group will be placed in a plasma reactor (Plasmapp, South Korea) for decontamination and activation of the surface. In order to restrict any post-treatment contamination; abutments will be inserted immediately after the end of the plasma process.

the test group were placed in an Argon plasma reactor

• Coverage was defined as the extent to which the abutment surface was occupied by adherent cells. It reflects the spatial distribution of cells across the surface, providing a measure of surface colonization.

Coverage was independently scored on a scale from 1 to 10 by two blinded operators who were unaware of the sample group assignments (i.e., activated vs control). The individual scores were subsequently averaged to obtain a representative value for each parameter per sample.

• Density was defined as the degree of cellular accumulation in the regions where cells were present. This parameter reflects the local compactness of cells, irrespective of how widely they are spread across the surface.

Density was independently scored on a scale from 1 to 10 by two blinded operators who were unaware of the sample group assignments (i.e., activated vs control). The individual scores were subsequently averaged to obtain a representative value for each parameter per sample.