Effects of Meal Energy Density on Body Measures and Metabolism in Women

Effects of Meal Energy Density on Anthropometric Measurements, Some Metabolic Parameters, And Subjective Appetite in Women

This study investigates whether the timing of energy intake during the day-specifically consuming more calories at breakfast or at dinner-affects body measurements, blood sugar levels, cholesterol, and feelings of hunger in women who are overweight or obese.

A total of 28 women participated in the study and were randomly assigned to one of two diet plans: one group consumed half of their daily calories at breakfast, while the other consumed them at dinner. Both groups followed a calorie-restricted diet for six weeks.

The goal of this research is to understand whether eating more in the morning rather than in the evening leads to better outcomes for weight control and metabolic health. Findings from this study may help health professionals make more effective meal timing recommendations for weight loss and improving blood sugar regulation.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Women aged 20-45
• BMI ≥25 kg/m²
• Regular menstrual cycle
• No chronic disease or medication use
• PSQI ≤5 (Good sleep quality)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Pregnancy or lactation
• Gastrointestinal or metabolic disorders
• Shift workers, sleep disorders
• Medication affecting metabolism
• Weight change >4.5 kg in last 6 months