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This study investigates whether the timing of energy intake during the day-specifically consuming more calories at breakfast or at dinner-affects body measurements, blood sugar levels, cholesterol, and feelings of hunger in women who are overweight or obese.
A total of 28 women participated in the study and were randomly assigned to one of two diet plans: one group consumed half of their daily calories at breakfast, while the other consumed them at dinner. Both groups followed a calorie-restricted diet for six weeks.
The goal of this research is to understand whether eating more in the morning rather than in the evening leads to better outcomes for weight control and metabolic health. Findings from this study may help health professionals make more effective meal timing recommendations for weight loss and improving blood sugar regulation.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Breakfast Group (BG) | Experimental |
| |
| Dinner Group (DG) | Experimental |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breakfast-Loaded Hypocaloric Diet | Behavioral | Participants in this group consumed a hypocaloric diet in which 50% of daily energy intake was provided at breakfast, 35% at lunch, and 15% at dinner. Meal times were standardized as follows: breakfast (7:00-9:00), lunch (12:00-14:00), and dinner (18:00-20:00). The diet was individually tailored and provided 20% fewer calories than the participants' total energy expenditure. Macronutrient distribution followed recommended guidelines: 45-60% carbohydrates, 10-20% protein, and 20-35% fat. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in fasting blood glucose | Baseline to Week 6 |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in hip circumference | Baseline to Week 6 | |
| Change in HDL cholesterol | Baseline to Week 6 | |
| Change in HbA1c |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Exercise and Sports Sciences Education, Application and Research Centre | Sakarya | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Nov 1, 2023 | Jul 4, 2025 | ICF_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009765 | Obesity |
| D050177 | Overweight |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D044343 | Overnutrition |
| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D001835 | Body Weight |
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|
| Dinner-Loaded Hypocaloric Diet | Behavioral | Participants in this group consumed a hypocaloric diet in which 15% of daily energy intake was provided at breakfast, 35% at lunch, and 50% at dinner. Meal times were standardized as follows: breakfast (7:00-9:00), lunch (12:00-14:00), and dinner (18:00-20:00). The diet was individually tailored and provided 20% fewer calories than the participants' total energy expenditure. Macronutrient distribution followed recommended guidelines: 45-60% carbohydrates, 10-20% protein, and 20-35% fat. |
|
| Baseline to Week 6 |
| D012816 |
| Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |