Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
The aim was to evaluate the effect of a nursing education intervention based on Pender's SGM on gestational diabetes management and healthy lifestyle behaviors for pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes. The main questions it aims to answer are:
It was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (GHD) of the Cebeci Application and Research Hospital (AÜTFCH) of Ankara University Faculty of Medicine. This study was conducted with pregnant women who were diagnosed with OGTT test at 24-28 weeks of pregnancy and applied to the AÜTFCH GHD pregnancy clinic.
The study was conducted in two stages: the first stage was the preparation of research materials and determination of study groups, and the second stage was the implementation of the diabetes self-management program based on the Penderin health promotion model.
In the first stage of the study, women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) who constituted the intervention and control groups were divided into groups using the simple randomization method. Patients diagnosed according to the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results are started to be followed up in the perinatology clinic. Pregnant women are routinely referred to a dietician in the perinatology clinic. In order to prevent bias, support was received from a dietician independent of the study to create an intervention and control group. Randomization was used to prevent distribution bias. Patients who applied to the dietician were grouped according to their application days. Patients formed the intervention group on the 1st, 3rd and 5th days of the first week, while the control group formed the 2nd and 4th days. The control group formed the 1st, 3rd and 5th days of the second week, while the intervention group formed the 2nd and 4th days. The education groups were divided into groups of at least 10 people by taking into account their gestational weeks. The second phase of the study included the application of the Diabetes Self-Management Program Based on Pender's Health Promotion Model to the pregnant women in the intervention group. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with pregnant women in the intervention group who were diagnosed with gestational diabetes and were between 24-28 weeks of pregnancy. Pregnant women who agreed to participate in the study were informed about how the study would proceed and their written consent was obtained. The pregnant women in the intervention group were asked to fill out the personal information form and the pre-test (Health Belief Model Scale in Diabetic Patients (DHSMÖ), Gestational Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale (GDSES), Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors-II Scale (HLBS-II), Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale (MSPSS)]. Their contact information was obtained to facilitate the follow-up process of the pregnant women and to organize the training program. The researcher determined the day and time of the training according to the availability of the pregnant women to provide the Diabetes Self-Management Group training based on Pender's Health Promotion Model. The group was formed with at least 10 people. The first group completed the training with 16 people, the second group with 11 people, and the third group with 14 people. The training was completed face-to-face and practically, in 4 sessions of 1 day (160 minutes), each session being 40 minutes. In order to support the training program, the "Training for Patients with Gestational Diabetes Booklet", and to ensure follow-up and continuity, the "Lifestyle Behavior Change Follow-up Booklet" was given to the pregnant women and its use was explained. They were asked to bring the follow-up booklet to each interview, and the researcher determined the motivational interview topics according to the DHSMÖ sub-dimension scores and the booklet. In line with the interviews, motivational interviews were conducted within the scope of the health development-based diabetes self-management program by the researcher who has a certificate in diabetes life coaching, holistic medicine eating and drinking disorders and motivational interview. The first motivational interview was conducted between the 32nd and 34th weeks of pregnancy for each pregnant woman in the intervention group according to their DHSMÖ and HLBS-II scale sub-dimension scores. Before each interview, the pregnant women were called by phone to remind them of the interview. A follow-up file was created for each pregnant woman. The follow-up file includes OGTT test results, lifestyle behavior change booklet, DHSMÖ sub-dimension scores, motivational interview schedules, pre-test and post-test forms.
A second motivational interview was planned between the 32nd and 36th weeks of pregnancy according to the determined need situation and the pregnant women were asked to repeat the relevant DHSMÖ sub-dimension. were provided. Each interview lasted approximately 40 minutes. During the study, group dynamics were maintained by having the pregnant women post walking videos and photos of their meals. In order to ensure continuity for the pregnant women who achieved positive behavioral outcomes, reinforcement was provided by phone calls and the counseling process was completed.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Motivational interviewing within the context of a health promotion-based diabetes mellitüs | Active Comparator | The group that received the diabetes self-management program based on the Pender's health promotion model |
|
| Routine maintenance standard | No Intervention | The group that did not receive the diabetes self-management program based on Pender's health promotion model |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Motivational interviews within the context of a health promotion-based diabetes self-management program | Behavioral | The researcher provided counseling services to pregnant women to provide Diabetes Self-Management Group training based on Pender's Health Promotion Model. A group was formed consisting of at least 10 people. The training was completed face-to-face and practically, in 1 day (160 minutes), in 4 sessions, each session being 40 minutes. Motivational interviews were conducted by the researcher within the scope of the health promotion-based diabetes self-management program. A second motivational interview was planned according to the determined need and the interviews were provided. Each interview lasted approximately 40 minutes. In order to ensure continuity for the pregnant women who obtained positive behavioral outcomes, reinforcement was provided by telephone interviews and the counseling process was completed. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Health Belief Model Scale for Diabetes Patients | Health Belief Model Scale for Diabetes Patients (HBM) consists of 33 items and five subscales: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and recommended health activities. Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1-5), and negative items are reverse-coded. The total score is calculated as the mean of all items, with a possible score range of 1-5. Higher scores indicate stronger health beliefs. The scale was administered to participants before the intervention (24-28 gestational weeks) and after completion of the intervention (36-38 gestational weeks). | At 36-38 weeks of gestation |
| Gestational Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale | The Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale for Gestational Diabetes consists of 23 items across four subscales: Diet-Weight Management, Complication Prevention, Adherence to Nutrition Education, and Medical Treatment Practices. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = not confident at all, 5 = completely confident). Higher scores indicate greater self-efficacy. The scale was administered to participants at baseline (24-28 gestational weeks) and after completion of the intervention (36-38 gestational weeks). The reported outcome represents the post-intervention score for each participant, calculated as the mean of all item scores (range 1-5). Data were not normally distributed, so medians and interquartile ranges were used to summarize. Results were analyzed using Robust ANOVA based on medians. | At 36-38 weeks of gestation |
| Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support | The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support consists of 12 items and three subscales: Family, Friends, and Significant Other, each containing four items. Items are rated on a 7-point Likert scale. Subscale scores are calculated by summing the four items within each subscale (range 4-28), and the total score is obtained by summing all subscale scores (range 12-84). Higher scores indicate greater perceived social support. In this study, a total score of 42 and above was considered indicative of positive social support. The unit of measure is scale points. The scale was administered to participants before (24-28 gestational weeks) and after (36-38 gestational weeks) the intervention. The scale was administered before and after the intervention. Pre-test and post-test scores were analyzed in a single analysis using Robust ANOVA (medians) to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors Scale - II | The Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors Scale-II (HLBS-II) is a 52-item scale consisting of six subscales: health responsibility, physical activity, nutrition, spiritual growth, interpersonal relations, and stress management. Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale (1 = never, 4 = routinely). Subscale scores are calculated by summing the items within each subscale. The total scale score ranges from 52 to 208, with higher scores indicating better healthy lifestyle behaviors. The scale was administered to participants before the education program (24-28 gestational weeks) and after completion of the intervention (36-38 gestational weeks). The reported outcome represents the post-intervention total score for each participant. Data were summarized using medians because scores were not normally distributed. Results were analyzed using Generalized Linear Models based on medians to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. |
Not provided
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
female
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi | Ankara | Çubuk | 06760 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Before group allocation, eligible participants were informed about the study and provided written informed consent. Baseline assessments, including sociodemographic data, obstetric history, maternal blood glucose measurements, and scale-based evaluations, were completed prior to randomization using standardized procedures. Only participants who completed baseline assessments were randomized, and no intervention was initiated before group assignment.
Participants were recruited between January and July 2025 from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of a university hospital in Ankara. Recruitment was carried out during routine antenatal outpatient clinic visits. Pregnant women between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation were identified through antenatal follow-up records and screened for eligibility according to the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Motivational Interviewing Within the Context of a Health Promotion-based Diabetes mellitüs | The group that received the diabetes self-management program based on the Pender's health promotion model |
| FG001 | Routine Maintenance Standard |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
Not provided
| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot | Yes | No | No | Study Protocol | Jan 15, 2025 | Jan 30, 2026 |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
|
| At 36-38 weeks of gestation |
| At 36-38 weeks of gestation |
| Maternal Fastıng Blood Sugar Values | Maternal fasting blood glucose (mg/dL): A single outcome value for each participant was calculated as the mean of all measurements obtained at predefined follow-up time points during pregnancy (24-28, 28-32, and 32-36 gestational weeks) and within the first 24 hours postpartum. Unit of measure: mg/dL Statistical analysis: Robust ANOVA medians were used for comparison. | Within the first 24 hours postpartum |
| Maternal Postprandial Blood Sugar Values | Maternal postprandial blood glucose (mg/dL): A single outcome value for each participant was calculated as the mean of all measurements obtained at predefined follow-up time points during pregnancy (24-28, 28-32, and 32-36 gestational weeks) and within the first 24 hours postpartum. Unit of measure: mg/dL Statistical analysis: Robust ANOVA medians were used for comparison. | Within the first 24 hours postpartum |
| Percentage of Participants With Preterm Labor | Preterm labor was defined as delivery before 37 completed weeks of gestation. Results are presented as the percentage of participants experiencing preterm labor in each study group. | At the time of delivery |
| Neonatal Fasting Blood Glucose Measurements | Neonatal fasting blood glucose levels were measured from venous or capillary blood samples within the first 24 hours after birth to assess early neonatal glycemic status. | Within the first 24 hours after birth |
| Neonatal Postprandial Blood Glucose Measurements | Postprandial blood glucose levels measured in neonates born to study participants. Measurements were obtained after feeding within the first 24 hours following birth to assess neonatal glycemic response. | Within the first 24 hours after birth |
| Number and Percentage of Participants With Macrosomia (Birth Weight ≥ 4000 Grams) | Neonatal birth weight was measured immediately after delivery. Macrosomia was defined as a birth weight of 4000 grams or greater. The outcome was recorded as presence or absence of macrosomia for each study group. Results are reported as both the number and percentage of participants. The unit of measure is number of participants and percentage of participants. | At the time of delivery |
The group that did not receive the diabetes self-management program based on Pender's health promotion model |
| COMPLETED |
|
| NOT COMPLETED |
|
The analysis population includes all participants who met the inclusion criteria, provided written informed consent, and completed at least one post-baseline assessment.
Intervention group: Pregnant women with GDM at 24-28 weeks who participated in the Pender Health Promotion Model-based Diabetes Self-Management Program.
Control group: Pregnant women with GDM at 24-28 weeks who received routine care.
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Motivational Interviewing Within the Context of a Health Promotion-based Diabetes mellitüs | The group that received the diabetes self-management program based on the Pender's health promotion model Motivational interviews within the context of a health promotion-based diabetes self-management program: The researcher provided counseling services to pregnant women to provide Diabetes Self-Management Group training based on Pender's Health Promotion Model. A group was formed consisting of at least 10 people. The training was completed face-to-face and practically, in 1 day (160 minutes), in 4 sessions, each session being 40 minutes. Motivational interviews were conducted by the researcher within the scope of the health promotion-based diabetes self-management program. A second motivational interview was planned according to the determined need and the interviews were provided. Each interview lasted approximately 40 minutes. In order to ensure continuity for the pregnant women who obtained positive behavioral outcomes, reinforcement was provided by telephone interviews and the counseling process was completed. |
| BG001 | Routine Maintenance Standard | The group that did not receive the diabetes self-management program based on Pender's health promotion model |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Age was recorded in years at the time of enrollment based on self-report and medical records. | Age of participants at baseline, reported as mean and standard deviation in years. | Count of Participants | Participants |
| ||||||||||||||
| Age, Continuous | Age of participants at enrollment. Measured in years. | Age data were analyzed for all enrolled participants at baseline (n = 71). | Mean | Standard Deviation | YEARS |
| |||||||||||||
| Sex: Female, Male | Sex of participants at enrollment. All participants were pregnant women. | Sex data were analyzed for all enrolled participants at baseline (n = 71). All participants were pregnant women. | Count of Participants | Participants |
| ||||||||||||||
| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected | Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant. | Count of Participants | Participants |
| |||||||||||||||
| Region of Enrollment | Geographic region where participants were enrolled, reported as number of participants. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Secondary | Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors Scale - II | The Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors Scale-II (HLBS-II) is a 52-item scale consisting of six subscales: health responsibility, physical activity, nutrition, spiritual growth, interpersonal relations, and stress management. Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale (1 = never, 4 = routinely). Subscale scores are calculated by summing the items within each subscale. The total scale score ranges from 52 to 208, with higher scores indicating better healthy lifestyle behaviors. The scale was administered to participants before the education program (24-28 gestational weeks) and after completion of the intervention (36-38 gestational weeks). The reported outcome represents the post-intervention total score for each participant. Data were summarized using medians because scores were not normally distributed. Results were analyzed using Generalized Linear Models based on medians to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. | Participants who completed both baseline and post-intervention assessments were included in the analysis. Analysis was conducted with 71 participants: 37 in the intervention group and 34 in the control group. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score | At 36-38 weeks of gestation |
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary | Health Belief Model Scale for Diabetes Patients | Health Belief Model Scale for Diabetes Patients (HBM) consists of 33 items and five subscales: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and recommended health activities. Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1-5), and negative items are reverse-coded. The total score is calculated as the mean of all items, with a possible score range of 1-5. Higher scores indicate stronger health beliefs. The scale was administered to participants before the intervention (24-28 gestational weeks) and after completion of the intervention (36-38 gestational weeks). | Participants who completed both baseline and post-intervention assessments were included in the analysis. Analysis was conducted with 71 participants: 37 in the intervention group and 34 in the control group. | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | Score | At 36-38 weeks of gestation |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary | Maternal Fastıng Blood Sugar Values | Maternal fasting blood glucose (mg/dL): A single outcome value for each participant was calculated as the mean of all measurements obtained at predefined follow-up time points during pregnancy (24-28, 28-32, and 32-36 gestational weeks) and within the first 24 hours postpartum. Unit of measure: mg/dL Statistical analysis: Robust ANOVA medians were used for comparison. | The analysis population included pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus who were randomized to the intervention or control group and completed the study protocol. Analyses were conducted according to the per-protocol principle. | Posted | Median | Full Range | mg/dL | Within the first 24 hours postpartum |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary | Maternal Postprandial Blood Sugar Values | Maternal postprandial blood glucose (mg/dL): A single outcome value for each participant was calculated as the mean of all measurements obtained at predefined follow-up time points during pregnancy (24-28, 28-32, and 32-36 gestational weeks) and within the first 24 hours postpartum. Unit of measure: mg/dL Statistical analysis: Robust ANOVA medians were used for comparison. | The analysis population included pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus who were randomized to the intervention or control group and completed the study follow-up. Analyses were conducted according to the per-protocol principle. | Posted | Median | Full Range | mg/dl | Within the first 24 hours postpartum |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary | Percentage of Participants With Preterm Labor | Preterm labor was defined as delivery before 37 completed weeks of gestation. Results are presented as the percentage of participants experiencing preterm labor in each study group. | All randomized participants who completed the study were included in the analysis. Participants were analyzed according to their originally assigned intervention and control groups. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | At the time of delivery |
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary | Neonatal Fasting Blood Glucose Measurements | Neonatal fasting blood glucose levels were measured from venous or capillary blood samples within the first 24 hours after birth to assess early neonatal glycemic status. | All live-born neonates delivered by participants who completed the study and had fasting blood glucose measurements within the first 24 hours after birth were included in the analysis. | Posted | Median | Full Range | mg/dl | Within the first 24 hours after birth |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary | Gestational Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale | The Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale for Gestational Diabetes consists of 23 items across four subscales: Diet-Weight Management, Complication Prevention, Adherence to Nutrition Education, and Medical Treatment Practices. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = not confident at all, 5 = completely confident). Higher scores indicate greater self-efficacy. The scale was administered to participants at baseline (24-28 gestational weeks) and after completion of the intervention (36-38 gestational weeks). The reported outcome represents the post-intervention score for each participant, calculated as the mean of all item scores (range 1-5). Data were not normally distributed, so medians and interquartile ranges were used to summarize. Results were analyzed using Robust ANOVA based on medians. | Participants who completed both baseline and post-intervention assessments were included in the analysis. Analysis was conducted with 71 participants: 37 in the intervention group and 34 in the control group. | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | Score | At 36-38 weeks of gestation |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary | Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support | The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support consists of 12 items and three subscales: Family, Friends, and Significant Other, each containing four items. Items are rated on a 7-point Likert scale. Subscale scores are calculated by summing the four items within each subscale (range 4-28), and the total score is obtained by summing all subscale scores (range 12-84). Higher scores indicate greater perceived social support. In this study, a total score of 42 and above was considered indicative of positive social support. The unit of measure is scale points. The scale was administered to participants before (24-28 gestational weeks) and after (36-38 gestational weeks) the intervention. The scale was administered before and after the intervention. Pre-test and post-test scores were analyzed in a single analysis using Robust ANOVA (medians) to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. | Participants who completed both baseline and post-intervention assessments were included in the analysis. Analysis was conducted with 71 participants: 37 in the intervention group and 34 in the control group. | Posted | Median | Full Range | Score | At 36-38 weeks of gestation |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary | Neonatal Postprandial Blood Glucose Measurements | Postprandial blood glucose levels measured in neonates born to study participants. Measurements were obtained after feeding within the first 24 hours following birth to assess neonatal glycemic response. | All live-born neonates delivered by participants who completed the study and had available postprandial blood glucose measurements within the first 24 hours after birth were included in the analysis. | Posted | Median | Full Range | mg/dl | Within the first 24 hours after birth |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary | Number and Percentage of Participants With Macrosomia (Birth Weight ≥ 4000 Grams) | Neonatal birth weight was measured immediately after delivery. Macrosomia was defined as a birth weight of 4000 grams or greater. The outcome was recorded as presence or absence of macrosomia for each study group. Results are reported as both the number and percentage of participants. The unit of measure is number of participants and percentage of participants. | All randomized participants who completed delivery and whose neonatal birth weight data were available were included in the analysis. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | At the time of delivery |
|
Not applicable - adverse events were not systematically monitored
Adverse events were not systematically monitored during the study; therefore, no participants were at risk for reported adverse events.
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Motivational Interviewing Within the Context of a Health Promotion-based Diabetes mellitüs | The group that received the diabetes self-management program based on the Pender's health promotion model | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| EG001 | Routine Maintenance Standard | The group that did not receive the diabetes self-management program based on Pender's health promotion model | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Not provided
Not provided
This study has several limitations. First, the sample size was relatively small (71 participants), which may limit the statistical power, especially for subgroup analyses or rare outcomes. Second, the study was conducted at a single university hospital in Ankara, which may restrict the generalizability of the findings to other populations or settings. Third, postpartum and neonatal measurements were limited to the first 24-48 hours, preventing assessment of long-term maternal and neonatal outcom
Not provided
Not provided
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ESRA ALTUN | Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University | 05537946177 | arse25400@hotmail.com |
| Prot_001.pdf |
| SAP | No | Yes | No | Statistical Analysis Plan | Jan 15, 2025 | Jan 30, 2026 | SAP_002.pdf |
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Sep 27, 2024 | Jan 30, 2026 | ICF_003.pdf |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D016640 | Diabetes, Gestational |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011248 | Pregnancy Complications |
| D005261 | Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications |
| D000091642 | Urogenital Diseases |
| D003920 | Diabetes Mellitus |
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |
Not provided
Not provided
| Between 18 and 65 years |
|
| >=65 years |
|
|
|
|
|
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Participants |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The group that did not receive the diabetes self-management program based on Pender's health promotion model
|
|
|
|
|
|
|