The goal of this study is to better understand how stress impacts people's ability to learn across their experiences and link new information to what they already know. The investigators will compare performance on a memory task between stressed and non-stressed participants. This memory task requires people to integrate knowledge across learning experiences (think: having to "connect the dots", draw inferences, and generalize your knowledge to new situations and scenarios). Cortisol, the brain's primary stress hormone, will be measured at multiple points throughout the study to measure stress levels. The investigators hypothesize that:

1. Stress will disrupt performance on the memory task by interfering with memory processes that enable linking of related memories.
2. Higher cortisol levels, which reflect a greater stress response, will relate to greater deficits in memory performance across participants.

This research has broad implications for understanding how stress impacts the ability to learn and retain new information, particularly in high-stress environments like schools and workplaces. Additionally, this work may provide insights into the cognitive difficulties experienced by individuals with psychiatric disorders, where stress can worsen memory and learning challenges.

Inclusion Criteria:

• healthy adults
• aged 18-35 years
• speak fluent English
• have normal or corrected-to-normal vision

Exclusion Criteria:

• individuals who are pregnant
• exercise within 1 hour of the study session
• smoking within 1 hour of the study session
• consuming drugs or alcohol within 1 hour of the study session

De-identified data, including demographic and outcome measures, will be made available to qualified researchers upon request after publication of findings. Data will be shared under a data use agreement via a secure repository such as Open Science Framework (OSF).