the present study aimed to systematically assess the changes in plasma asprosin levels at 3, 6, and 12 months after LSG, to explore the relationships between asprosin dynamics and key metabolic parameters, including body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose, insulin resistance assessed by the homeostasis model (HOMA-IR), and lipid profiles, and to compare asprosin concentrations between bariatric patients and healthy normal-weight controls.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. age between 18 and 65 years;
2. body mass index (BMI) ≥37.5 kg/m², or BMI ≥32.5 kg/m² with at least one obesity-related comorbidity;
3. availability of complete clinical data and stored plasma samples at preoperative baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. history of prior bariatric or gastrointestinal surgery;
2. active malignancy, chronic inflammatory or infectious disease, or severe hepatic or renal dysfunction;
3. pregnancy during the study period;
4. incomplete clinical or biochemical data.

Adults with obesity (BMI ≥37.5 kg/m², or ≥32.5 kg/m² with metabolic comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia), aged 18-65 years, undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy at a single tertiary hospital in China. Healthy normal-weight controls (BMI 18.5-23.9 kg/m²) without metabolic disorders were also recruited for baseline comparison.