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This study aims to understand why people respond differently to the same foods, especially when it comes to changes in blood sugar after eating. A continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) will be used to observe how individuals respond to specific meals and drinks (e.g., Oral Glucose Tolerance Test, OGTT). By studying these patterns, the investigators hope to identify different types of metabolism and see if certain foods or food ingredients (like fiber, amino acids, or vinegar) can help control blood sugar better for specific groups. This research will help lay the groundwork for personalized dietary advice based on a person's unique biology.
Participants in the study will be provided with a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) and pre-measured cooked rice to test with different potential mitigators: fiber, acid, amino acid (e.g., leucine), whole protein, and exercise. Each of these conditions will be tested on a different day following strict instructions. For some of these tests, participants will be asked to collect a blood microsample and a saliva sample before and after eating the test meal. A stool sample will be collected at baseline.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Diet Cycles | Experimental | Participants will be asked to consume pre-portioned foods on different days as the first meal of the day, use a CGM, and take saliva and micro samples of blood before and after each meal. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Post prandial testing | Other | A variety of foods, supplements, and short prescriptive exercise will be tested to see which one helps mitigate the rise is postprandial glucose after eating carbohydrate containing foods. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Post prandial peak glucose levels | Delta glucose peak within 3 hours after consuming the standard meal - peak glucose value minus baseline glucose value at time 0 measured by CGM in mg/dL. | 3 hours |
| Post prandial glucose area under the curve (AUC) | AUC (>baseline) within three hours measured by CGM in mg/dL during the 3 hours after each study meal. | 3 hours |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Glucose time to peak | The time in minutes from baseline to peak within 3 hours measured by CGM after each standardized meal. | 3 hours |
| Changes in personal post prandial metabolic states as measured in micro-sampling by targeted and untargeted metabolomics (LC-MS) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stanford University | Recruiting | Stanford | California | 94304 | United States |
The investigator plan to share de-identified data to both public repositories and integrated databases when the consent of data sharing is obtained. The analysis results will be shared with the publication.
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De-identified data will be shared with the future publications.
De-identified data will be shared in public repositories. Metabolomics, microbiome, proteomics, and CGM measured glycemic response will be open to public access through the corresponding repositories.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011236 | Prediabetic State |
| D003924 | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003920 | Diabetes Mellitus |
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
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Participants will be asked to consume pre-portioned foods on different days as the first meal of the day, use a CGM, and take saliva and micro samples of blood before and after each meal. Food, supplements, and short exercise will be tested to see the post prandial effects.
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Dry blood samples will be collected by micro-sampling before and 1 hour after the standardized meals. Based on those samples, metabolomics (e.g., short-chain fatty acids, amino acids and other polar and nonpolar metabolites) will be extracted and quantified by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Both hydrophilic LC and reverse phase LC will be used. Q Exactive will be used for MS. Tandem MS will be collected for annotation. Relative quantification will be used, where the level of metabolites can be compared between samples. Chemical reference will be used for the absolute quantification of targeted metabolites. |
| 1 hour |
| Individual microbiome composition | Microbiome will be defined by using metagenomics assay to baseline samples | Baseline |
| Changes in postprandial proteomic responses as measured in micro-sampling by Olink | Dry blood samples will be collected by micro-sampling frequently before and after the standardized meals. Based on those samples, proteomics will be quantified by proximity extension assay for the cardiometabolic panel. 96 proteins will be measured in the unit of normalized protein expression. | 1 hour |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |