The Role of Sound in Enhancing or Disabling the Placebo Effect of a Deactivated Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulator (TENS) Device on Hypoalgesia in Healthy Volunteers

The Role of Sound in Enhancing or Disabling the Placebo Effect of a Deactivated Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulator (TENS) Device on Hypoalgesia in Healthy Volunteers

Placebo responses are now recognized for their clinical and physiological significance. Non-pharmacological cues such as sound may enhance or induce these responses. This trial aims to assess the effect of sound on the placebo-induced hypoalgesia elicited by a deactivated TENS device in healthy individuals.

Inclusion Criteria:

• No history of TENS use

Exclusion Criteria:

• Current medication use
• Orthopedic, neurological, or systemic conditions
• Pregnancy (current and planned)