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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Aegean College, Athens, Greece | UNKNOWN |
| Coventry University, United Kingdom | UNKNOWN |
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Placebo responses are now recognized for their clinical and physiological significance. Non-pharmacological cues such as sound may enhance or induce these responses. This trial aims to assess the effect of sound on the placebo-induced hypoalgesia elicited by a deactivated TENS device in healthy individuals.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Group A: Placebo with sound | Experimental | Deactivated transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) with beeping sound (15-second interval) |
|
| Group B: Placebo with no sound | Experimental | Group B: Deactivated transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) without sound |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group A Deactivated TENS with beeping sound (15-second interval) | Procedure | Deactivated TENS with beeping sound (15-second interval) |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in pain pressure threshold (PPT) at L2 (lumbar spine) from baseline to post-intervention. | Change in pain pressure threshold (PPT) at L2 (2nd lumbar vertebra) from baseline to post-intervention. Measured using pressure algometer (Wagner Force Dial FDK/FDN Series). | From Baseliine to 5 minutes |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Effect of gender on placebo response | Effect of gender on placebo response (ANOVA analysis on post-treatment PPT) | From Baseliine to 5 minutes |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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A healthy volunteer pilot study.
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Participant and assessor blinded
| Group B | Procedure | Deactivated TENS without sound |
|