Participants in this arm received a structured risk early warning management intervention during the perioperative period. The intervention included the establishment of a dedicated nursing team, systematic evaluation of vital signs (heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, temperature, and consciousness), and scoring of patient condition based on a predefined risk assessment table.

Based on the risk score, patients received tiered monitoring and intervention:

Score 0-4: Routine care and monitoring

Score 5-7 or single item score = 3: Intensive monitoring every 4 hours and physician notification

Score ≥7: Continuous monitoring, immediate physician arrival, and bedside emergency preparedness This strategy aimed to detect and respond to patient deterioration early, thereby reducing complications and improving recovery outcomes.

Participants in this arm received standard perioperative care according to hospital guidelines. This included general health education prior to surgery, assistance during the perioperative period, routine postoperative care such as anticoagulation and infection prevention, regular vital signs monitoring, and standard nursing interventions. No specific early warning risk scoring or tiered response strategy was implemented.

This intervention involves a perioperative risk early warning management strategy for hip fracture patients. A dedicated team of nurses is responsible for monitoring vital signs (heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, temperature, and consciousness level) to identify and respond to early signs of clinical deterioration.

The intervention follows a structured scoring system that classifies patients into different risk levels based on their vital signs:

Risk Score 0-4: Standard perioperative care and monitoring

Risk Score 5-7 (or single-item score ≥3): Intensive monitoring with vital sign checks every 4 hours and immediate physician notification if condition changes

Risk Score ≥7: Continuous monitoring, with immediate physician availability and ready access to emergency equipment The intervention aims to improve patient outcomes by ensuring early identification of deterioration and more rapid response to clinical changes. A red warning sign will also be placed at the patient's b

Prothrombin Time (PT) will be measured in seconds using a standardized coagulation analyzer to evaluate the extrinsic coagulation pathway. Preoperative and postoperative PT values will be compared between the intervention and control groups.

Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) will be measured in seconds to assess the intrinsic coagulation pathway. Preoperative and postoperative APTT values will be compared between groups.

Fibrinogen levels (g/L) will be quantified to reflect clotting factor concentration. Preoperative and postoperative FBG values will be compared between groups.

D-dimer levels (mg/L) will be measured to evaluate fibrinolysis activity. Preoperative and postoperative D-D values will be compared between groups.

The ESCA scale evaluates patients' self-care ability across four domains: self-concept, self-responsibility, self-care skills, and health knowledge. Scores range from low to high, with higher scores indicating better self-care agency. Scores will be compared before and after the intervention in each group.