Non-specific low back pain (NSLBP) is a common musculoskeletal condition that affects a significant portion of the population and often leads to limitations in daily activities, reduced quality of life, and increased levels of kinesiophobi

compare the effects of online mat Pilates and face-to-face equipment-based Pilates on pain, kinesiophobia, and balance in individuals with NSLBP. While both methods emphasize neuromuscular control and alignment, differences in delivery modes and equipment usage may influence outcomes.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Aged between 18 and 60 years
• Non-specific low back pain for more than 12 weeks
• No clear pathological diagnosis
• Physically and cognitively capable of performing the exercises
• Pain level between 3 and 7 on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Pregnancy
• Spinal surgery in the last 6 months
• Neurological or chronic systemic diseases
• Movement restriction due to severe pain