Sham stimulation is performed using the same device and procedures as the neuromodulation group. The stimulator automatically shuts off after 30 seconds, while maintaining the device's connection. This design creates an initial sensation similar to actual stimulation while preserving the double-blind nature of the study.

A self-report scale designed to assess the impact of fatigue on a patient's daily life. It evaluates the intensity of fatigue in relation to physical activities, work, and social life.

Range: 9-63

Higher Scores: Indicate more severe fatigue.

Purpose: Used primarily in multiple sclerosis and other neurological disorders to quantify fatigue severity.

A clinician-administered scale used to assess the severity of depression in patients, based on mood, feelings of guilt, and somatic symptoms.

Range: 0-52

Higher Scores: Indicate more severe depression.

Purpose: Primarily used to assess depression severity in clinical settings and for treatment evaluation.

A brief 30-point test used to screen for cognitive impairment and assess the level of cognitive function in patients, focusing on orientation, memory, and attention.

Range: 0-30

Higher Scores: Indicate better cognitive function, with scores below 24 suggesting cognitive impairment.

Purpose: Used to assess cognitive function, often in patients with suspected dementia or other cognitive disorders.

A screening tool used to detect mild cognitive impairment. It evaluates multiple cognitive domains, including attention, memory, language, and executive function.

Range: 0-30

Higher Scores: Indicate better cognitive function, with a score below 26 typically suggesting cognitive impairment.

Purpose: Commonly used to assess cognitive function in patients with early dementia, stroke, or neurological disorders.

A neuropsychological test assessing processing speed, attention, and visual-motor coordination. It requires the patient to match symbols to digits based on a key.

Range: Varies based on time and performance (measured in seconds or correct responses).

Higher Scores: Indicate better processing speed and cognitive function.

Purpose: Used to assess cognitive performance and processing speed in clinical research and patient assessments.

A neuropsychological test used to evaluate attention and working memory by requiring patients to process and manipulate digital sequences.

Range: Dependent on the version of the test used (typically time-based or score-based).

Higher Scores: Indicate better cognitive performance, particularly in attention and working memory.

Purpose: Assesses cognitive function, often used in the evaluation of neurodegenerative diseases or brain injury.

A test designed to measure visuospatial memory and learning ability, asking patients to remember and recall spatially presented objects.

Range: Varies depending on the test format (measured in correct responses or recall time).

Higher Scores: Indicate better visuospatial memory performance.

Purpose: Used to assess memory, particularly in the context of cognitive disorders like MS and Alzheimer's disease.

A self-reported scale that asks patients to rate the intensity of their pain on a scale from 0 to 10.

Range: 0-10

Higher Scores: Indicate more intense pain.

Purpose: Commonly used in clinical practice to measure pain intensity and assess treatment efficacy.

A self-reported questionnaire used to assess the quality and intensity of pain, measuring sensory, affective, and evaluative dimensions of pain.

Range: 0-78 (higher scores indicate greater pain severity)

Higher Scores: Indicate greater pain intensity and distress.

Purpose: Often used to assess pain in clinical and research settings, providing both quantitative and qualitative measures of pain.

A self-report questionnaire used to assess daytime sleepiness and the likelihood of falling asleep in various situations.

Range: 0-24

Higher Scores: Indicate higher levels of daytime sleepiness.

Purpose: Used to assess sleepiness, often in the context of sleep disorders like sleep apnea or narcolepsy.

A clinician-administered scale used to measure muscle spasticity. It evaluates the resistance of a muscle to passive movement in response to varying speeds.

Range: 0-4

Higher Scores: Indicate greater spasticity, with 0 being no spasticity and 4 being severe spasticity.

Purpose: Commonly used in neurological conditions such as cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, and stroke.

A self-reported health survey designed to measure quality of life, including physical, emotional, and social well-being. It consists of 36 questions grouped into eight domains.

Range: 0-100 for each domain (higher scores indicate better health status).

Higher Scores: Indicate better health and quality of life.

Purpose: Used widely to assess general health status, particularly in chronic illness and clinical trials.

A clinician-administered scale that evaluates the overall improvement of a patient's condition since the initiation of treatment.

Range: 1-7

Higher Scores: Indicate less improvement, with a score of 1 indicating "very much improved" and 7 indicating "very much worse."

Purpose: Used to assess treatment effectiveness in clinical trials and practice, particularly in psychiatric and neurological conditions.

EEG (Electroencephalography): A technique used to measure electrical activity in the brain. It records brain waves and can help identify abnormalities related to seizures, sleep disorders, or other neurological conditions.

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): A non-invasive imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues. It is commonly used to assess brain structure, identify lesions, and detect abnormalities.

Purpose: Both EEG and MRI are used to monitor and assess brain activity and structure in patients, providing valuable insights into neurological conditions and helping in diagnosis and treatment planning.