Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Glycaemic responses to carbohydrates ingested as fruit sugars may vary depending on factors inherent to the fruit and the type of sugar. The aim of this project is to investigate the glycaemic responses to a range of commercially available fruit drinks and to establish the glycaemic index for each product relative to a glucose reference. Differences in recorded responses could also be influenced by the sample type (capillary blood vs interstitial fluid) and participant characteristics. Participants will ingest 8 test drinks including 5 different fruit drinks (OJ, AJ, S&B, ENERGISE, BLUE), each matched for carbohydrate to the glucose reference (CONTROL) which will be sampled two times, an additional sample of one of the smoothies (S&B) will also be replicated. Fingerstick capillary blood sampling alongside dual sited continuous glucose monitors (CGM) will measure glucose and lactate concentrations, subjective appetite sensations will also be recorded. The tests will follow best practice guidelines for glycaemic index testing. These data will provide insight into how differing formulations can alter the glycaemic responses to fruit drinks, and whether sampling technique can affect the interpretations of measurement.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| CONTROL | Active Comparator | 50 g glucose (55 g dextrose powder accounting for hydration) plus 641 mL water |
|
| REPLICATE CONTROL | Active Comparator | 50 g glucose (55 g dextrose powder accounting for hydration) plus 641 mL water |
|
| S&B | Experimental | 417 mL of commercially available "Strawberries & Bananas" fruit smoothie providing 50 g carbohydrate [strawberries (31%), apples, bananas (22%), white grapes, oranges, blackcurrants]. Plus 224 mL water to standardise volume |
|
| REPLICATE S&B | Experimental | 417 mL of commercially available "Strawberries & Bananas" fruit smoothie providing 50 g carbohydrate [strawberries (31%), apples, bananas (22%), white grapes, oranges, blackcurrants]. Plus 224 mL water to standardise volume |
|
| OJ | Experimental | 641 mL of commercially available "Smooth Orange Juice" providing 50 g of carbohydrate [100% oranges] |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fruit drink | Other | Commercially available fruit drinks or smoothies |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Glycaemic indices for 5 test drinks measured using capillary blood samples | Glycaemic indices [2-hour incremental area under the glucose curve (mmol/L-1x120 minutes) for each of the 5 test drinks relative to mean value of control conditions (CONTROL, REPLICATE CONTROL), expressed as a percentage] in capillary blood samples | 120 minutes |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Glycaemic index of all conditions with capillary blood samples vs CGM | The difference in glycaemic index [2-hour incremental area under the glucose curve (mmol/L-1x120 minutes) for 5 test drinks relative to mean control (CONTROL, REPLICATE CONTROL), expressed as a percentage] in capillary blood samples versus continuous glucose monitors. | 120 minutes |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Comparisons between conditions in glucose concentration in capillary samples | Comparison of blood glucose concentration 2-hour incremental area under the curve (iAUC) min.mmol/L between test conditions | 120 minutes |
| Comparisons between conditions in glucose concentration in capillary samples |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Department for Health, University of Bath | Bath | BA2 7AY | United Kingdom |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 38492022 | Background | Gonzalez JT. Are all sugars equal? Role of the food source in physiological responses to sugars with an emphasis on fruit and fruit juice. Eur J Nutr. 2024 Aug;63(5):1435-1451. doi: 10.1007/s00394-024-03365-3. Epub 2024 Mar 16. |
Not provided
Not provided
De-identified data will be made available open access on the University of Bath Research Data Archive (RDA) at the point of publication in a peer-reviewed journal.
These will become available at the point of publication permanently
Not provided
Not provided
Randomised, controlled, replicate crossover trial
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| AJ | Experimental | 455 mL commercially available "Apple Juice" providing 50 g of carbohydrate [apples, ascorbic acid]. Plus 186 mL water to standardise volume |
|
| ENERGISE | Experimental | 417 mL of commercially available "Energise Super Smoothie" providing 50 g carbohydrate [apples (50%), red grapes, bananas, strawberries (10%), blackcurrants, sour cherries (3.3%), pressed beetroot, flax seeds (0.56%), guarana infusion (0.01%), vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, C & E]. Plus 224 mL water to standardise volume |
|
| BLUE | Experimental | 521 mL of commercially available "Bolt from the Blue" juice drink providing 50 g carbohydrate [apple (66%), coconut water (18%), white grapes, white guava (5.2%), passion fruit, lime (0.87%), spirulina extract (0.81%) vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, C & E]. Plus 120 mL water to standardise volume |
|
Comparison of postprandial peak concentration mmol/L of blood glucose between test conditions (Cmax) |
| 120 minutes |
| Comparisons between conditions in glucose concentration in capillary samples | Comparison of time to peak blood glucose concentration in minutes (Tmax) between test conditions | 120 minutes |
| Comparisons between conditions in glucose concentration in capillary samples | Comparison of blood glucose concentration mmol/L at 2 hours between test conditions | 120 minutes |
| Comparisons between conditions in glucose concentration with CGM | Comparison of glucose concentration 2-hour incremental area under the curve (iAUC) min.mmol/L between test conditions | 120 minutes |
| Comparisons between conditions in glucose concentration with CGM | Comparison of postprandial peak concentration mmol/L of glucose between test conditions (Cmax) | 120 minutes |
| Comparisons between conditions in glucose concentration with CGM | Comparison of time to peak glucose concentration in minutes (Tmax) between test conditions | 120 minutes |
| Comparisons between conditions in glucose concentration with CGM | Comparison of glucose concentration mmol/L at 2 hours between test conditions | 120 minutes |
| Comparisons between conditions in lactate concentration in capillary samples | Comparison of blood lactate concentration 2-hour incremental area under the curve (iAUC) min.mmol/L between test conditions | 120 minutes |
| Comparisons between conditions in lactate concentration in capillary samples | Comparison of postprandial peak concentration mmol/L of blood lactate between test conditions (Cmax) | 120 minutes |
| Comparisons between conditions in lactate concentration in capillary samples | Comparison of time to peak blood lactate concentration in minutes (Tmax) between test conditions | 120 minutes |
| Comparisons between conditions in lactate concentration in capillary samples | Comparison of blood lactate concentration mmol/L at 2 hours between test conditions | 120 minutes |
| Comparisons between conditions of appetite ratings | Comparison of subjective appetite sensations assessed with visual analogue scales (2-hour area under the curve min.mmVAS) | 120 minutes |
| Comparisons between individuals | Comparison of Postprandial lactate concentration min.mmol/L between individuals 2-hour incremental area under curve (iAUC) | 120 minutes |
| Comparisons between individuals | Comparison of Postprandial glucose concentration min.mmol/L between individuals 2-hour incremental area under curve (iAUC) | 120 minutes |
| Comparisons between individuals | Comparison of Appetite rating responses min.mmVAS between individuals 2-hour area under curve (AUC) | 120 minutes |
| Comparisons within individuals | Comparison within individuals of interstitial glucose concentrations measurements from continuous glucose monitors on left and right arms. | 120 minutes |