Participants assigned to the placebo comparator group received protocol-directed hemodynamic management with a target mean arterial pressure (MAP) of at least 100 mmHg before graft reperfusion. Dopamine infusion was titrated according to intraoperative hemodynamic requirements and could be reduced or discontinued when clinically appropriate. During renal artery anastomosis, placebo (normal saline) was administered using the same preparation, administration procedure, and infusion rate as in the intervention group to maintain blinding.

Participants assigned to the intervention group received protocol-directed hemodynamic management with a target mean arterial pressure (MAP) of at least 100 mmHg before graft reperfusion. Dopamine infusion was titrated according to intraoperative hemodynamic requirements and could be reduced or discontinued when clinically appropriate. During renal artery anastomosis, terlipressin was administered in addition to standard hemodynamic management.

Patients randomized to the intervention group received terlipressin during renal artery anastomosis to achieve a target mean arterial pressure (MAP) of at least 100 mmHg before graft reperfusion. Terlipressin was prepared as 1 mg diluted to 10 mL and administered via syringe pump at 60 mL/h (approximately 10 minutes for full administration). Administration was initiated when MAP was below the target level (<100 mmHg) before graft reperfusion and could be discontinued when MAP was considered adequately above the target level according to the investigator's clinical judgment.

Delayed graft function (DGF) was defined as the need for any dialysis treatment within the first 7 days after kidney transplantation.

Average dopamine infusion rate required to maintain intraoperative hemodynamic targets after graft reperfusion.