Difference of Tear Ferning Between Women with and Without Menopausal.

Difference of Tear Ferning Between Pre-and Post-menopausal Women and Between Post-menopausal Women with or Without Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

Application of tear ferning test for clinical dry eye diagnosis and menopause

Analyzing the difference in tear ferning structure between women pre and post-menopause with and without hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Tear and blood samples were collected for a menopause-related Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Tear volume, tear osmolarity, intraocular pressure, and tear break-up time were also measured for comparison.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Aged between 20 and 65 years

Exclusion Criteria:

• No evident ocular diseases such as cornea, cataracts, vitreous degeneration, glaucoma, and retinopathy.
• Belong to vulnerable groups(pregnancy woman, prisoner, ethical minorities, economic or educationally disadvantaged subjects, disabled individuals such as those at terminal stage of tumorigenesis, blindness, terminal ill individuals)