Smartphone-Based Use of Phonocardiography Technique for Estimating Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability: Performance Study

Smartphone-Based Use of Phonocardiography Technique for Estimating Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability: Performance Study

This study aims to investigate the use of heart sound recordings, or phonocardiograms, recorded with smartphones' built-in microphones and accessory microphones to estimate heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV). HR refers to the number of heart beats per minute, while HRV refers to the variation in the intervals between heart beats.

Participants will have their heart sounds (phonocardiograms) recorded before and after exercise, and electrocardiogram (ECG) and photoplethysmogram (PPG) data recorded before, during, and after exercise to induce a wide range of HR.

Researchers will match the phonocardiograms, ECG, and PPG data to create a database for use in future training and testing of algorithms (including artificial intelligence (AI)).

Inclusion Criteria:

• With no tattoos on their body where a smartwatch will be placed

Exclusion Criteria:

• Not ready to undertake physical activity as assessed by the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) derived from the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology
• Implanted active medical devices in the torso, such as pacemakers and defibrillators
• Failure to collect baseline heart sound time series from ECG or both smartphone and auscultation pin before exercise