12-lead ECG will be performed if it has not been performed within 6 month. Photo of the 12-lead ECG will be taken by research staff using DigitHeart-2 smartphone application. Prediction from DigitHeart-2/MERL-ECHO and other machine learning model(s) hosted by the investigator team for each of the target anatomical and mechanical properties will be recorded. Cardiologist in-charge of the patient, who is blinded to the prediction results from DigitHeart-2/MERL-ECHO, will perform echocardiography according to American Society of Echocardiography guidelines, which serve as gold standard for accuracy evaluation.

Participants will undergo an echocardiography to determine their cardiac structure, heart function and valve function. The gold-standard measurement from the echocardiography text report will be the reference for validating the multi-modal prediction.

The primary outcome is the accuracy of the integrated DigitHeart- 2/MERL-ECHO system in predicting key echocardiographic parameters from smartphone-captured ECG images, as measured by AUROC and F1 scores.

Secondary outcomes include accuracy of predicting other anatomical and mechanical properties including:

• Impaired left ventricular systolic function
• Dilated right ventricle
• Impaired right ventricular function
• Moderate to severe aortic stenosis
• Moderate to severe aortic regurgitation
• Moderate to severe mitral stenosis
• Moderate to severe mitral regurgitation
• Moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation