This clinical trial aims to systematically evaluate the clinical performance and accuracy of the HepaAiQ test kit, a multi-gene methylation assay based on PCR with fluorescent probe detection. The test results are compared against clinical reference standards, including pathological and/or imaging diagnoses, to assess the product's diagnostic performance. Additionally, for each gene detectable by the HepaAiQ assay, digital PCR is used as a comparator to validate analytical accuracy. The dual approach-clinical and analytical validation-supports the intended use of the test and provides sufficient clinical evidence for its registration and regulatory submission in China.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 18 years or older, gender unlimited;

2. Subjects for whom sufficient blood samples can be obtained (whole blood volume not less than 10 mL);

3. The performance of the blood-based, multi-gene methylation test is being evaluated in a diverse population including:

   (i) Treatment-naïve individuals presenting with signs and/or symptoms suggestive of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as assessed by clinicians; (ii) Individuals at high risk for liver cancer, including those with HBV or HCV infection, excessive alcohol intake, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver cirrhosis of various etiologies (LC), benign hepatic lesions (BHL), or a family history of liver cancer; (iii) Patients with other malignancies, including but not limited to esophageal, gastric, colorectal, pancreatic, lung, breast, and prostate cancers.

4. Voluntarily participate in the experiment and sign the informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Liver cancer subjects who have received previous treatment, such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy, surgery, etc.;
2. Subjects with other malignant tumors;
3. Subjects with recurrent liver cancer confirmed or suspected by the investigator;
4. Subjects whose information is missing or untraceable;
5. The researcher believes that the subjects should not be included in this study for other reasons.

(i) Initial treatment subjects with symptoms and/or signs suspected of hepatocellular carcinoma as determined by the clinician;

People with HBV or HCV infection, excessive alcohol consumption, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver from other causes (LC), benign hepatopathy (BHL), and a family history of liver cancer;

iii Subjects with other tumors, including but not limited to esophageal, stomach, colorectal, pancreatic, lung, breast, prostate, etc

all IPD collected throughout the trial