Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
The goal of this trial is to assess the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of chewing gum to reduce cigarette consumption and promote smoking cessation. The main questions it aims to answer are: Do participants in the intervention group report a higher reduction in cigarette consumption, improved smoking cessation outcomes, and healthier oral health than the control group?
Researchers will compare chewing gum intervention to unassisted quitting to see if chewing gum works to cigarette reduction and smoking cessation.
Participants will:
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chewing gum | Experimental | Participants in the intervention group will receive 1-2 packs of chewing gum over a 1-week intervention period. They will also receive a leaflet of usage tips for chewing gum, including 1) the potential benefits of chewing gum, 2) suitable usage time and dosage, and 3) the proper disposal of used gum.Additionally, participants in the intervention group will receive 2-week reminder message to boost gum usage. |
|
| Unassisted quitting | Active Comparator | Participants in the unassisted quitting group (control group) will receive very brief smoking cessation advice (30 seconds) and a smoking cessation information booklet at baseline. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Very brief smoking cessation advice | Behavioral | All participants will receive very brief smoking cessation advice (guided by the AWARD model, assess, warning, refer, and do-it-again) with a smoking cessation information booklet onsite at baseline. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Validated abstinence | Biochemically validated smoking abstinence will be measured by saliva cotinine level (exhaled carbon monoxide <4 ppm and salivary cotinine <30 ng/ml) | 6-month follow-up |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Number of pieces used | The number of pieces used will be measured by a self-designed question: "On average, how many pieces of gum do you use every day?" | 2-week, 3-month, and 6-month follow-ups |
| Frequency of use |
Not provided
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| School of Nursing, The University of Hong Kong | Hong Kong | Pokfulam | 999077 | Hong Kong |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D016540 | Smoking Cessation |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015438 | Health Behavior |
| D001519 | Behavior |
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002638 | Chewing Gum |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D053149 | Plant Gums |
| D001704 | Biopolymers |
| D011108 | Polymers |
| D046911 | Macromolecular Substances |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Chewing gum | Behavioral | Participants in the intervention group will receive 1-2 packs of chewing gum over a 1-week intervention period. |
|
| Chewing gum usage leaflet | Behavioral | A leaflet of usage tips for chewing gum, including 1) the potential benefits of chewing gum, 2) suitable usage time and dosage, and 3) the proper disposal of used gum. |
|
| 2-week reminder message | Behavioral | A 2-week reminder message guided by the Love and Care approach will be delivered to participants twice a week (a total of four). |
|
The frequency of use will be measured by a self-designed question: "In the past seven days, how many days have you used chewing gum?"
| 2-week, 3-month, and 6-month follow-ups |
| Duration of use | Duration of use will be measured by a self-designed question: "How long do you typically use it at a time?" | 2-week, 3-month, and 6-month follow-ups |
| Health effect | Health effect will be measured by a self-designed question: "Have you noticed any changes in your oral health after using chewing gum?" | 2-week, 3-month, and 6-month follow-ups |
| The biochemically validated smoking abstinence | Smoking abstinence is defined by exhaled CO <4 ppm and salivary cotinine <30ng/ml | 6-month follow-up |
| Self-reported 7-day point-prevalence abstinence | Smokers who did not smoke even a puff in the 7 days preceding the follow-up. | 2-week, 3-month, and 6-month |
| Self-reported smoking change | Self-reported change in number of cigarettes smoked daily of at least less 50% of the baseline number | 2-week, 3-month, and 6-month follow-ups |
| Self-reported self-efficacy of quitting | Self-reported self-efficacy of quitting includes the perception of quitting importance, difficulty, and confidence, assessing by an item scaled with 0-10, respectively. The score of zero refers to very unimportant, very easy, or very unconfident. The score of 10 refers to very important, very difficult, or very confident, respectively. Higher score refers to higher perception of quitting importance, difficulty, and confidence. | 2-week, 3-month, and 6-month follow-ups |
| Self-reported quit attempt | Self-reported quit attempt in the past 7 days. | 2-week, 3-month, and 6-month follow-ups |
| Nicotine dependence level | The nicotine dependence level will be measured by the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). The score ranges from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating greater nicotine dependence. | 2-week, 3-month, and 6-month follow-ups |
| Smoking cessation services use | Using the smoking cessation service from hospitals or the government in Hong Kong | 2-week, 3-month, and 6-month follow-ups |
| Self-reported intention to quit | Self-reported intention to quit in the next days | 2-week, 3-month, and 6-month follow-ups |
| D011134 |
| Polysaccharides |
| D002241 | Carbohydrates |
| D053147 | Plant Exudates |
| D001688 | Biological Products |
| D045424 | Complex Mixtures |
| D002182 | Candy |
| D005502 | Food |
| D000066888 | Diet, Food, and Nutrition |
| D010829 | Physiological Phenomena |
| D019602 | Food and Beverages |