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The goal of this observational study is to assess whether adherence to 24-hour movement guidelines is associated with diet quality in professional football staff, an underrepresented population affected by irregular schedules, travel, and high-pressure environments. The main objectives are to:
Participants will answer a questionnaire that incorporates:
Statistical analyses will examine adherence levels, diet quality and the potential associations, aiming at informing health and performance strategies for football staff.
This study investigates the relationship between adherence to 24-hour movement guidelines and diet quality among professional football sports staff, addressing the challenges posed by irregular schedules, travel and high-pressure environments. The aim is to determine whether staff meet the health recommendations they advocate for players and to inform strategies that enhance their health and performance. Using an observational and cross-sectional research design, the study will collect data on physical activity according to the Canadian 24-hour Movement Guidelines to assess adherence, and the validated Mini-EAT dietary screening tool to evaluate diet quality. The dependent variables include factors such as physical activity levels moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), light physical activity (LPA), sedentary time, sleep quality and consistency, strength training, sedentary breaks, and screen time usage. Diet quality is assessed through the frequency of intake of various food groups (e.g., fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, dairy, and sweets) and summarised with an overall diet quality score. There is a minimum of 229 participants required and the questionnaire will be distributed to individuals with confirmed employment of football staff, football clubs and universities with football teams. Statistical analyses will include descriptive statistics to summarise participant characteristics, adherence levels, and diet quality scores, MANOVA, Shapiro-Wilk to assess normality, with Pearson's or Spearman's correlations (depending on normality distribution) to examine associations between adherence scores and diet quality. Chi-square tests will identify relationships between categorical adherence levels and diet quality. These findings will inform targeted interventions to improve health outcomes for football staff, enabling them to better support players while maintaining their own performance. The proposed start date of the study is January 2025.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Multidisciplinary Football Staff |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Questionnaire | Other | The questionnaire will be made comprised of the questions taken from the Whole Day Matters Toolkit (WDMT) 24-hour movement questionnaire (The Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, 2021), which is based on the official 24-hour movement guidelines (Ross et al., 2020) (see appendix). For diet quality, Mini-EAT, a short dietary screening tool will be used (Lara-Breitinger et al., 2023) (see appendix). The questionnaire will be open for two months during the football mid-season time period (January 15th to March 15th). The principal investigator will distribute the questionnaire digitally via Google Forms. It will be sent directly to sports staff professionals, individually and to football clubs and to universities to distribute to their cohort. Only people with the link will be able to access the questionnaire. Participants will answer the questionnaire, which will take roughly 10 minutes, completing the intervention. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity Time | Ratio scale, measured in minutes per week. From 0 minutes (low adherence) to 240+ minutes (high adherence). Question from the Whole Day Matters Toolkit: 24-hour movement questionnaire from The Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. | From enrollment to the end of assessment |
| Light Physical Activity Time | Ratio scale, measured in hours per day. From 1 hours (low adherence) to 10+ hours (high adherence). Question from the Whole Day Matters Toolkit: 24-hour movement questionnaire from The Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. | From enrollment to the end of assessment |
| Sedentary Time | Ratio scale, measured in hours per day. From 1 hour (high adherence) to 10+ hours (low adherence). Question from the Whole Day Matters Toolkit: 24-hour movement questionnaire from The Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. | From enrollment to the end of assessment |
| Sleep Duration | Ratio scale, measured in hours per day. From 1 hours (low adherence) to 10+ hours (high adherence). Question from the Whole Day Matters Toolkit: 24-hour movement questionnaire from The Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. | From enrollment to the end of assessment |
| Frequency of Fruit Intake | Ordinal scale. Scored from 0 ("Do not eat it at all") to 9 ("4 or more servings per day"). Question from validated Mini-Eat questionnaire. | From enrollment to the end of assessment |
| Frequency of Vegetable Intake | Ordinal scale. Scored from 0 ("Do not eat it at all") to 9 ("4 or more servings per day"). Question from validated Mini-Eat questionnaire. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Strength Training Frequency | To determine whether participants do strength training exercises at least twice weekly. Nominal scale, with two possible values: Yes (high adherence) or No (low adherence). Question from the Whole Day Matters Toolkit: 24-hour movement questionnaire from The Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. | From enrollment to the end of assessment |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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The study population consists of professional football sports staff, including roles such as:
The study population will not be limited to one country or location. The English version of the questionnaire will be sent to English speakers and the Spanish version of the questionnaire will be sent to Spanish speakers. This aims to include a diverse sample of football staff from different regions, helping to better understand factors influencing adherence to movement guidelines and diet quality across various linguistic and cultural groups.
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University Ramon Llull | Barcelona | 08025 | Spain |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 36583423 | Background | Lara-Breitinger KM, Medina Inojosa JR, Li Z, Kunzova S, Lerman A, Kopecky SL, Lopez-Jimenez F. Validation of a Brief Dietary Questionnaire for Use in Clinical Practice: Mini-EAT (Eating Assessment Tool). J Am Heart Assoc. 2023 Jan 3;12(1):e025064. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.121.025064. Epub 2022 Dec 30. | |
| 42347449 | Derived |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011795 | Surveys and Questionnaires |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003625 | Data Collection |
| D004812 | Epidemiologic Methods |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
| D017531 | Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms |
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| From enrollment to the end of assessment |
| Frequency of Sweets Intake | Ordinal scale. Scored from 9 ("Do not eat it at all") to 0 ("4 or more servings per day"). Question from validated Mini-Eat questionnaire. | From enrollment to the end of assessment |
| Frequency of Whole Grain Intake | Ordinal scale. Scored from 0 ("Do not eat it at all") to 9 ("4 or more servings per day"). Question from validated Mini-Eat questionnaire. | From enrollment to the end of assessment |
| Diet Quality Summary Score | Accumulation of diet quality scores from Mini-Eat validated questions. A score of <61 is Unhealthy / Poor diet, a score between 60 and 68.9 is Intermediate / Diet needs improvement, a score of >69 is Healthy / Comparable to scores of >80. | From enrollment to the end of assessment |
| Sedentary Breaks | To identify whether participants interrupt prolonged sedentary periods. Nominal scale, with two possible values: Yes (high adherence) or No (low adherence). Question from the Whole Day Matters Toolkit: 24-hour movement questionnaire from The Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. | From enrollment to the end of assessment |
| Screen Time Adherence | To evaluate whether participants limit daily recreational screen time to 3 hours or less. Nominal scale, with two possible values: Yes (high adherence) or No (low adherence). Question from the Whole Day Matters Toolkit: 24-hour movement questionnaire from The Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. | From enrollment to the end of assessment |
| Frequency of Legumes, Nuts, and Seeds Intake | Ordinal scale. Scored from 0 ("Did not eat it at all") to 9 ("4 or more servings per day"). Question from validated Mini-Eat questionnaire. | From enrollment to the end of assessment |
| Frequency of Fish or Seafood Intake | Ordinal scale. Scored from 0 ("Did not eat it at all") to 9 ("4 or more servings per day"). Question from validated Mini-Eat questionnaire. | From enrollment to the end of assessment |
| Frequency of Refined Grain Intake | Ordinal scale. Scored from 9 ("Did not eat it at all") to 0 ("4 or more servings per day"). Question from validated Mini-Eat questionnaire. | From enrollment to the end of assessment |
| Frequency of High-Fat Dairy and Saturated Fats Intake | Ordinal scale. Scored from 9 ("Did not eat it at all") to 0 ("4 or more servings per day"). Question from validated Mini-Eat questionnaire. | From enrollment to the end of assessment |
| Frequency of Low-Fat Dairy Intake | Ordinal scale. Scored from 0 ("Did not eat it at all") to 9 ("4 or more servings per day"). Question from validated Mini-Eat questionnaire. | From enrollment to the end of assessment |
| Coope OC, Spurr TJ, Levington AL, Davies T, Lloyd B, Jordan E, Roman-Vinas B. Health Behaviours in Soccer Support Staff: 24-Hour Movement Adherence Is Positively Associated with Diet Quality. Sports (Basel). 2026 May 29;14(6):224. doi: 10.3390/sports14060224. |
| D011787 | Quality of Health Care |
| D017530 | Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation |
| D011634 | Public Health |
| D004778 | Environment and Public Health |