Retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) is a well-established technique and is the first-line treatment option for upper urinary tract stones <2cm. Currently, most ureteroscopic procedures are performed under general or epidural anesthesia, both of which are safe and feasible. In recent years, more and more studies have shown that retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) under local anesthesia is safe and feasible. However, we can see that the current studies on RIRS under local anesthesia are mostly case reports, and there is a lack of systematic studies on the safety and effectiveness of RIRS under local anesthesia and its influencing factors. Therefore, the researchers hope to conduct a single-center prospective observational study to explore the safety, effectiveness and influencing factors of RIRS under local anesthesia, so as to optimize the surgical process of RIRS under local anesthesia, improve the surgical success rate and ensure surgical safety。

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Kidney stones or upper ureteral stones 1-4cm;
2. Age 18-70 years old;
3. American Society of Anesthesiologists(ASA) score Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ;

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Surgical operations other than RIRS are required for patients with middle and lower ureteral calculi;
2. There are anatomical abnormalities, such as ureteral stenosis, urine flow diversion, ectopic kidney, horseshoe kidney, duplicate kidney, etc.
3. Severe heart, brain and lung diseases;
4. Pregnancy.

Patients with upper urinary tract stones who are willing to undergo RIRS under local anesthesia.