Patients who underwent retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) were randomly allocated to general anesthesia (GA) or spinal anesthesia (SA) groups. Renal function was assessed using estimated glomerular filtration rate, and relative renal function was evaluated using nuclear medicine tests. Maneuverability and accessibility were evaluated after every surgery. We analyzed the influence of anesthesia methods on surgical outcomes and renal function in retrograde intrarenal surgery in a prospective, randomized controlled study.

Inclusion Criteria:

• older than 20 years with renal stones greater than 10 mm

Exclusion Criteria:

• patients who have urologic anatomical abnormalities
• patients with ASA status ≥ grade III, a contraindication for spinal anesthesia or RIRS, or unexpected intraoperative renal injury