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Determine the combined effect of training in hypoxia and nitrate supplementation on the performance and health of athletes at sea-level and altitude conditions.
Determine the combined effect of training in hypoxia and nitrate supplementation on the performance and health of athletes at sea-level and altitude conditions. It is hypothesized that the combined effect of these interventions will promote an additional performance and health improvement in this population at sea-level and altitude conditions, compared with the single effect.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| HNO: High intensity interval training (HIIT) + nitrate supllementation (NO3-). | Experimental | Performed 12 high-intensity interval-training (HIIT) sessions during a 4-week period (3 sessions/ week) under normobaric hypoxia conditions (FiO2=~13%, ~3000 m) with NO3- supplement. |
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| HPL: High intensity interval training (HIIT) + placebo supllementation. | Active Comparator | Performed 12 high-intensity interval-training (HIIT) sessions during a 4-week period (3 sessions/ week) under normobaric hypoxia conditions (FiO2=~13%, ~3000 m) with placebo supplement. |
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| CON: High intensity interval training (HIIT) + placebo supllementation. | Placebo Comparator | Performed 12 high-intensity interval-training (HIIT) sessions during a 4-week period (3 sessions/ week) under normoxic conditions (FiO2=~20.9%) with placebo supplement. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrate + Hypoxia | Combination Product | The combined effect of nitrate supplementation and hypoxia training on both performance and health at sea-level and altitude conditions. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Performance adaptations | Time-to-task failure (time sustained) | Moment #1 (48hours pre-intervention) and moment #2 (48hours post-intervention) |
| Performance adaptations | Time trials (time performed) | Moment #1 (48hours pre-intervention) and moment #2 (48hours post-intervention) |
| Performance adaptations | VO2 kinetics (time constant and amplitude of fast and slow oxygen components) | Moment #1 (48hours pre-intervention) and moment #2 (48hours post-intervention) |
| Cardiovascular and neuromuscular adaptations | Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max: absolute and relative value) | Moment #1 (48hours pre-intervention) and moment #2 (48hours post-intervention) |
| Cardiovascular and neuromuscular adaptations | Lactate threshold (absolute and percentage of VO2max) | Moment #1 (48hours pre-intervention) and moment #2 (48hours post-intervention) |
| Cardiovascular and neuromuscular adaptations | Muscular oxygen saturation (SmO2) | Moment #1 (48hours pre-intervention) and moment #2 (48hours post-intervention) |
| Skeletal muscle adaptations | Oxidative enzyme activity (cytochrome oxidase subunit IV), citrate synthase, transcription factors (HIF-1alpha and PGC-1alpha) and GLUT4 - assessed through standard enzymatic fluorometric assay and western bllotting |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Sleep and cardiac autonomic activity adaptations | Sleep duration (minutes) | Moment #1 (2 weeks pre-intervention - baseline) and moment #2 (4 weeks intervention) |
| Sleep and cardiac autonomic activity adaptations |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ana Sousa, PhD | University of Maia | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto-Douro | Vila Real | Portugal |
Study overview, participation criteria, study plan, contacts
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000860 | Hypoxia |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012818 | Signs and Symptoms, Respiratory |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009566 | Nitrates |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000838 | Anions |
| D007477 | Ions |
| D004573 | Electrolytes |
| D007287 | Inorganic Chemicals |
| D017942 |
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|
| Placebo + Hypoxia | Dietary Supplement | The combined effect of placebo supplementation and hypoxia training on both performance and health at sea-level and altitude conditions. |
|
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| Control | Other | The combined effect of placebo supplementation and normoxia training on both performance and health at sea-level and altitude conditions. |
|
|
| Moment #1 (48hours pre-intervention) and moment #2 (48hours post-intervention) |
| Skeletal muscle adaptations | Mitochondrial and capillary density, capillary-to-fibre ratio and fibre cross-section area - cryosections cut with a cryostat and further samples analysed by fluorescence microscopy | Moment #1 (48hours pre-intervention) and moment #2 (48hours post-intervention) |
| Haematological adaptations | Blood pressure (Hmmg), mean arterial pressure (calculated as 1/3 * systolic pressure + 2/3 * diastolic pressure) | Moment #1 (48hours pre-intervention) and moment #2 (48hours post-intervention) |
| Haematological adaptations | Plasma [NO2-] and [NO3-], erythropoietin (EPO), haemoglobin (Hb) and haematocrit (Hct) - all assays on plasma sample analysed by spectrophometry | Moment #1 (48hours pre-intervention) and moment #2 (48hours post-intervention) |
| Oxidative stress and antioxidant markers adaptations | Nitrotyrosine, malondialdehyde, ferric-reducing antioxidant power and superoxide dismutase concentrations - all assays on plasma sample analysed by spectrophometry | Moment #1 (48hours pre-intervention) and moment #2 (48hours post-intervention) |
Sleep efficiency (%)
| Moment #1 (2 weeks pre-intervention - baseline) and moment #2 (4 weeks intervention) |
| Sleep and cardiac autonomic activity adaptations | Wake up time (hours: minutes) | Moment #1 (2 weeks pre-intervention - baseline) and moment #2 (4 weeks intervention) |
| Sleep and cardiac autonomic activity adaptations | Resting heart rate (bpm) | Moment #1 (2 weeks pre-intervention - baseline) and moment #2 (4 weeks intervention) |
| Sleep and cardiac autonomic activity adaptations | Heart rate variability (lnRMSSD) | Moment #1 (2 weeks pre-intervention - baseline) and moment #2 (4 weeks intervention) |
| Nitric Acid |
| D017672 | Nitrogen Compounds |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |