Evaluate the effect of manual diaphragmatic release on ventilatory functions and functional capacity in elderly diabetic women.

Sixty elderly type 2 diabetic women were sourced from the endocrinology outpatient clinic at Mansoura University hospitals in Egypt, with referrals from endocrinologists. Patients were randomly assigned into two groups.

The study group includes 30 women participating in manual diaphragmatic release plus aerobic training for 12 weeks, while the control group includes 30 women participating in aerobic training only for 12 weeks. At baseline and poststudy, the following outcomes are assessed:

1. Ventilatory functions (Forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in the first second).
2. Functional capacity using modified Bruce treadmill incremental exercise test (Maximal oxygen consumption estimation).

Inclusion Criteria:

• Type 2 diabetic for more than 5 years.
• Well controlled diabetes with glycated hemoglobin≤7%.
• Normal to mild ventilatory functions impairment.
• Their ages ranges from 65 to 70 years old.
• Their body mass index are less than 30 Kg/m2.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Other types of diabetes.
• Patients with any other chronic chest diseases .
• Cardiovascular disorders (coronary heart disease, heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia, peripheral arterial disease, uncontrolled hypertension).
• Smokers.
• Rheumatoid arthritis.
• Musculoskeletal/ neurological limitations to exercise.

Females