In the supine LOP session, the BFR cuffs will be pressurized to 60% of the supine LOP. After inflation of the BFR cuffs, four sets of dumbbell wall squats will be performed to failure with a 2-seconds concentric and 2-seconds eccentric cadence, at 20% of their 1RM using 60% of the LOP with 1-minute rest intervals.

In the seated LOP session, the BFR cuffs will be pressurized to 60% of the seated LOP. After inflation of the BFR cuffs, four sets of dumbbell wall squats will be performed to failure with a 2-seconds concentric and 2-seconds eccentric cadence, at 20% of their 1RM using 60% of the LOP with 1-minute rest intervals.

In the standing LOP session, the BFR cuffs will be pressurized to 60% of the standing LOP. After inflation of the BFR cuffs, four sets of dumbbell wall squats will be performed to failure with a 2-seconds concentric and 2-seconds eccentric cadence, at 20% of their 1RM using 60% of the LOP with 1-minute rest intervals.

Four sets of dumbbell wall squats will be performed to failure with a 2-seconds concentric and 2-seconds eccentric cadence, at 20% of their 1RM using 60% of the LOP with 1-minute rest intervals with no BFR cuffs

Delfi (Vancouver, Canada) training devices will be used for exercise and testing sessions. Cuffs will be placed around the right and left proximal thigh. The LOP will be set at 60% immediately before exercise and will be applied during the entire exercise set (approximately 30-60 seconds in duration) following manufacturer specifications. In the supine LOP session, the BFR cuffs will be pressurized to 60% of the supine LOP. In the seated LOP session, the BFR cuffs will be pressurized to 60% of the seated LOP. And, in the standing LOP session, the BFR cuffs will be pressurized to 60% of the standing LOP. The cuffs will maintain pressure during training and rest periods. The LOP will be reduced to 0% immediately after completing the last set.

Non-invasive pulse tonometers (Complior Analytic Tonometer, Alam Medical, Vincennes, France) will be used to simultaneously obtain arterial pressure waveforms at the carotid, brachial, radial and femoral arteries throughout ten cardiac cycles. Surface distance between the two recording sites will be measured to the nearest 0.5 cm. Subsequently, this process is repeated to measure arterial pressure waveforms at the carotid and radial arteries. Pulse wave velocity for the carotid-femoral (aortic PWV) and carotid-radial (brachial PWV) recordings will be determined by normalizing the waveform foot-to-foot time delay to the distance between recording sites (i.e., PWV = D (cm)/Δt (sec)). The participant will remain supine exactly as they were positioned during the tonometry acquisition sequence. An enlarged caliper will be used to measure the distance between the carotid and radial tonometer, and the distance between the carotid and femoral tonometer.

Participants' muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA) and echo intensity (EI) of the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle will be assessed using a brightness mode (B-mode) of the ultrasound imaging system (Terason t3300, MA, USA) and a multi-frequency linear-array probe (Model 15L4 Smart Mark 4-15 MHz, 50-mm field of view). All ultrasonic scans will be conducted on the participants' right arm to measure the mCSA and EI of the VL. Each participant will be instructed to lay in a supine position with their shoulder abducted at 90 degree and elbow flexed at 90 degrees. The VL measurements will be obtained from their right leg at 50% of the distance between the greater tubercle and lateral epicondyle. Locations of measurements will be marked with indelible ink to ensure scans will be taken at the same area for all scans. During every scan, water soluble gel will be applied on the skin and ultrasound probe to maximize acoustic coupling and reduce near-field artifacts.