School-based e-Health Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) Prevention Program to Improve Awareness in Adolescents From Urban Pakistan
School-based e-Health Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) Prevention Program to Improve Awareness in Adolescents From Urban Pakistan
The goal of this sequential mixed method study is to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of a school-based eHealth-NCD prevention program intervention to improve adolescents' knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding NCDs and associated risk factors. It aims :
Researcher aim to evaluate the effectiveness of the school-based eHealth NCD prevention program in significantly improving the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of secondary and higher secondary school students in Karachi, Pakistan, regarding NCDs and their associated risk factors, as compared to a control group not receiving the intervention.
Participants of intervention group will attend health-promoting sessions delivered by trained facilitators, with each session lasting 30 to 40 minutes. There will be a total of six health-promoting sessions be focused on the leading risk factors associated with NCDs as reported by different studies such as physical inactivity, unhealthy diet and overweight, obesity, harmful alcohol consumption and tobacco use will be conducted in the classroom for the intervention group.
A sequential mixed methods design is used to allow a more robust exploration, validation, and explanation of the complex factors surrounding the implementation and effectiveness of a school-based eHealth NCD prevention program for currently enrolled grade 9-12 students in Karachi. The project progresses from initial exploration (qualitative exploration phase) to validation (quantitative phase) and deeper understanding (qualitative explanation phase), enhancing the study's overall rigor and validity. The qualitative exploration phase is based on an adaptation of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Task Technology Fit Model (TTFM).
Before starting the study, permission is obtained from the pertinent authorities at the provincial and district education departments, as well as from school principals. Consent will be sought from parents, while assent will be obtained from secondary and higher secondary school students. Scheduling of data collection will be coordinated with school administrators to ensure a suitable time. Trained data collectors will be responsible for gathering data on the school premises using interview-based questionnaires.
QUALITATIVE EXPLORATORY PHASE By starting with the exploratory qualitative phase, the study aims to explore the perceptions of secondary and higher secondary school students regarding the usefulness, acceptability, and task technology fitness of a school-based eHealth NCD prevention program in improving the knowledge, attitudes, and practices. A total of four FGDs (two groups of students and two groups of teachers) with eight participants each and at least ten key informant interviews (five from school administrators and five from parents) will be conducted. Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) guidelines will be used to analyze all qualitative data. The data will be audio-recorded, compiled, translated into English, and then analyzed using manual thematic analysis and Qualitative Solutions and Research International (QSR) NVivo version 10 for thematic-content analysis. All interviews and FGDs will be transcribed in English. Commonalities and differences across the data will be identified and clustered around thematic sections. Verbatim quotes will be added to complement the themes. This initial phase will yield rich contextual insights that can inform the design and content of the program.
QUANTITATIVE PHASE - INTERVENTION The subsequent quantitative phase will build upon the findings from the qualitative exploration phase, allowing for the systematic assessment of the program's feasibility and effectiveness in significantly improving the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of secondary and higher secondary school students in Karachi, Pakistan, regarding NCDs and their associated risk factors, as compared to a control group not receiving the intervention, using a clustered randomized controlled trial design. This sequential approach allows the researchers to utilize qualitative insights to inform the development of the quantitative phase, ensuring that the research process is informed and responsive to the complexities of the research context. The quantitative phase will then assess the feasibility and effectiveness of the intervention, validating and extending the qualitative findings.
With a desired statistical power of 0.8 and a confidence interval of 0.05, coupled with an anticipated effect size of 25%, the calculated sample size was found to be 247 participants. To account for potential attrition, a prudent approach involves adding a 10% attrition rate, resulting in a revised total sample size of 272 (136 individuals will be allocated to the intervention group and another 136 to the control group).
The randomization process for the allocation of the eight selected secondary and higher secondary schools in Karachi into either the intervention or control group will involve a clustered approach to enhance the robustness of the trial. The eight schools will be stratified based on their type (secondary or higher secondary) and gender (girls or boys), resulting in four strata. This ensures that the randomization process accounts for potential confounding variables associated with school type and gender.
Cluster Assignment: Each stratum, considered as a cluster, will be randomly assigned to either the intervention or control group. This helps minimize potential biases and enhances the internal validity of the study.
Randomization Sequence: A randomization sequence will be generated using a computer-based random number generator, specifying which clusters are allocated to the intervention and control groups.
Concealed Allocation: The allocation sequence will be concealed until the intervention begins, preventing selection bias. An independent researcher, not involved in the study implementation, will oversee the randomization process, enhancing transparency and minimizing the risk of systematic errors. This detailed clustered randomization strategy ensures that the intervention and control groups are balanced across important characteristics, allowing for a more accurate assessment of the impact of the school-based eHealth NCD prevention program on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Pakistani secondary and higher secondary school students while considering potential clustering effects within schools.
Due to the nature of the school-based eHealth NCD prevention program intervention, blinding of participants, instructors, and researchers is not feasible in this study.
After the random allocation of schools into intervention and control groups, baseline data regarding the awareness levels of students and students' weight and height will be measured (using calibrated weighing scales and stadiometers for accurate measurements) from both groups. Allocation will be revealed to the schools after recruitment and baseline assessment to avoid recruitment bias. Students in the intervention group will participate in health-promoting sessions delivered by trained facilitators. The health-promoting videos from the school-based eHealth NCD prevention program will be shown. The control group will not receive any intervention, and the end-line assessment will be conducted after two months of the intervention for both groups. However, to maintain ethical standards, one session regarding NCDs and their associated risk factors will be delivered by trained facilitators to the control group after the end-line assessment.
There will be six health-promoting video sessions in this segment. The audio of the videos will be in Urdu with English subtitles, and each video will be 8-12 minutes long. The sessions will be 30 to 40 minutes long, and the intervention will span two months with three sessions per month. The content of these six sessions will focus on the leading risk factors associated with NCDs, such as harmful alcohol consumption, tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and overweight and obesity. The health education videos will be incorporated into classroom sessions using multimedia. Each session will consist of 25 to 35 students, with a trained facilitator guiding the discussions. Prior to implementing the intervention, a baseline qualitative assessment (adapted from the Global School Health Surveys, STEPwise Surveillance (STEPs) Survey of NCD risk factors, and a Mongolian survey questionnaire) will be conducted to explore the stakeholders' perceptions regarding the content and design of the web-based program. This pre-tested questionnaire will be available in both English and Urdu and will comprise three sections. The first section will contain sociodemographic information of the participants, the second section will contain questions about knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to NCDs (e.g., cardiovascular diseases, stroke, diabetes, hypertension), and the third section will cover questions on knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to NCDs' behavioral risk factors (e.g., diet, physical activity, and smoking). Based on these findings, the web-based program's content and design will be refined and modified as needed. The school-based eHealth program's conceptual framework, aimed at enhancing awareness of NCDs and associated risk factors, is rooted in the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)-that is, students' attitudes toward NCD prevention, societal expectations, and self-perceived control will shape their intentions and actions in adopting healthier habits. After the two-month intervention period, the same baseline questionnaire will be used to conduct a post-intervention survey among the participants, allowing for a comparison of their knowledge, attitudes, and practices before and after the program. This data will then be compared with the pre-assessment data to evaluate the impact of the intervention. The results will be presented in graphs and tables, offering visual representations of the participants' progress.
Data collected from respondents in this clustered randomized controlled trial (cRCT) will undergo a thorough analysis using appropriate methods to account for the clustered nature of the study design.
Descriptive analysis: Descriptive analysis will involve tabulating results as numbers (percentages) for qualitative variables and means (± standard deviation) for quantitative variables. To capture the cluster-level characteristics, summary statistics will be generated at both the individual and school levels.
Inferential analysis: Quantitative variables will be assessed for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Given the clustered nature of the trial, a multilevel modeling approach, specifically linear mixed-effects models, will be employed to analyze quantitative outcomes. This approach is particularly suitable for accounting for within-cluster correlations. The analysis will include a comparison of baseline characteristics between the intervention and control groups. Appropriate statistical tests for categorical variables, such as chi-square tests, and continuous variables, such as independent t-tests or Mann-Whitney U tests based on distributional assumptions, will be utilized. To assess the effectiveness of the intervention, before-after data will be analyzed within each group using paired t-tests. Additionally, between-group analysis will be conducted using independent t-tests, comparing the change scores between the intervention and control groups.
Association analysis: Mixed-effects logistic regression models will be used to explore the associations between sociodemographic variables and changes in binary outcome variables (knowledge, attitude, and practice) while considering the clustering effect at the school level. Furthermore, mixed-effects linear regression models will be applied to assess the association of continuous outcome variables, such as knowledge scores and attitudes, with changes in self-reported practices. Random effects for schools will be explicitly specified to address the inherent clustering within the study design. Covariates for the multivariable analysis will be carefully chosen based on theoretical or empirical reasoning, avoiding the use of a stepwise approach to prevent overfitting and instability. Results from the analysis will be presented as adjusted odds ratios (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). The significance level for all analyses will be set at 0.05, deeming any association with a p-value less than 0.05 as statistically significant.
QUALITATIVE -EXPLANATION Furthermore, the final qualitative explanatory phase will provide an in-depth understanding of students' perceptions regarding the usefulness, acceptability, and technological fitness of the program, adding depth and meaningful explanations to the quantitative findings. Two focus group discussions (FGDs) will be conducted with eight participants in each group. One FGD will be conducted with male students and one with female students.
Inclusion Criteria:
Phase 1 (FGDs and Interviews)
Phase 2 (Intervention)
- Both study and control group would be selected from secondary schools (students in grades 9-10) and Higher Secondary Schools (students in grades 11-12) located in Karachi, Pakistan
Phase 3 (FGDs) - Participants from grades 9 to 12 of the secondary and higher secondary schools who actively participated in the intervention and attended all the health-promoting sessions (equal representation of male and female)
Exclusion Criteria:
- Schools outside Karachi
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