The premature babies treated in the neonatal intensive care unit where the study was conducted practice kangaroo care with their mothers. However, in the intervention conducted by the researcher, the babies practiced kangaroo care with both their mothers and fathers.

The premature babies treated in the neonatal intensive care unit where the study was conducted practice kangaroo care with their mothers. However, in the intervention conducted by the researcher, the babies practiced kangaroo care with both their mothers and fathers.

The study group (n=28) It consists of fathers of babies practicing Kangaroo Care with both their mothers and fathers in the neonatal intensive care unit.

The scale developed to assess father-infant bonding after birth is a 19-item scale. It consists of three subdimensions: 'patience and tolerance,' 'enjoyment in interaction,' and 'love and pride'. Twelve items in the scale are reverse-coded. Higher scores indicate a higher level of bonding. While the original version of the scale consists of 19 items, the Turkish version comprises 18 items. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the scale was reported to be 0.81 at 6 months and 0.78 at 12 months.

The scale, originally developed by Crncec and colleagues in 2008, was adapted into Turkish by Yılmaz and Oskay in 2021. It is used to assess the self-confidence of parents regarding their parenting abilities and consists of 14 items designed for parents with infants aged 0 to 12 months. The scale includes two sub-dimensions: "Infant Care" and "Parenting Role." Only Item 11 is reverse scored, with the following scoring pattern: 0 = 3; 1 = 2; 2 = 1; 3 = 0. The total score ranges from 0 to 42, with higher scores indicating a more positive outcome and reflecting higher levels of parental self-confidence.