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Shoulder pain is a debilitating musculoskeletal condition with functional, physical, and psychological impacts. Interventions for chronic shoulder pain should address the biopsychosocial model, with Cognitive Functional Therapy emerging as a promising physiotherapy approach. Cognitive Functional Therapy approaches the multidimensional nature of pain, integrating physical and cognitive aspects.
The aim of this randomized controlled trial is to compare the effects of Cognitive Functional Therapy with therapeutic exercise on biological aspects of pain (pain intensity, disability, function, perception of improvement/deterioration, and central pain processing), and psychosocial aspects of pain (sleep quality, self-efficacy, and biopsychosocial factors). The hypothesis of this study is that CFT will lead to greater improvements in these outcomes compared to therapeutic exercise.
This will be a randomized controlled trial, single-blinded with two parallel groups. Seventy-two individuals with chronic shoulder pain will be randomly assigned to one of two groups: CFT or Therapeutic exercises. The interventions will last eight weeks, with the CFT group receiving therapy once a week and the therapeutic exercise group receiving sessions twice weekly. The primary outcomes will be pain intensity and disability, while the secondary outcomes will include function, self-efficacy, sleep quality, biopsychosocial factors, perception of improvement/deterioration, and central pain processing.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive Functional Therapy | Experimental | Cognitive Functional Therapy (CFT) will be conducted weekly in sessions lasting approximately 60 minutes over 8 weeks. |
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| Therapeutic exercises group | Active Comparator | Individuals assigned to this group will be treated twice a week for eight weeks, wich each session will last approximately 40 to 60 minutes. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive Functional Therapy (CFT) | Behavioral | Cognitive Functional Therapy (CFT) is underpinned by a strong therapeutic alliance, active listening, and motivational interviewing style, covering the following domains: i) Making sense of pain involves discussing the multidimensional nature of persistent pain, as well as the beliefs, emotions, and behaviors that can perpetuate the vicious cycle of pain and disability. ii) Exposure with control involves a functional training designed to normalize maladaptive and provocative postural and movement behaviors, where individuals will learn strategies to improve their body awareness and control and modify postures and tasks commonly associated with pain. iii) Lifestyle change aims to help patients embrace a healthy lifestyle, which will include promoting a gradual increase in physical activity, sleep hygiene counseling, stress management strategies, and social re-engagement. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pain intensity: Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) | The pain intensity will be measured with 11 point - Numerical Rating Pain Scale (NPRS) with scores ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (maximum pain). Higher scores indicate greater pain intensity. | Baseline, 4-week, at the end of treatment (8-week), and 12-week follow-up |
| Disability: Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) | Disability will be assessed with Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI). which is composed of 13 questions related to two domains: disability (eight items) and pain (five items). The final score ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater shoulder disability | Baseline, 4-week, at the end of treatment (8-week), and 12-week follow-up |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Shoulder function: Patient Specific Functional Scale | Shoulder functional ability will be measured with Patient Specific Functional Scale. The individuals will select three to five important activities that are challenging to perform due to shoulder pain. For each reported activity, the individual will score on an 11-point scale, where 0 is (unable to perform the activity) and 10 is (able to perform the activity at the level prior to the injury). Score ranges from 0 (unable to perform) to 10 (able to perform at preinjury level). Higher score means better function. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Danilo H Kamonseki, PhD | Contact | +55(83) 3216-7200 | danilo.kamonseki@academico.ufpb.br |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Danilo H Kamonseki, PhD | Universidade Federal da Paraíba | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Federal University of Paraíba | Recruiting | João Pessoa | Paraíba | 58051-970 | Brazil |
The individual participant data will be shared under request.
baseline, 4th week, end of treatment (8th week), and 12th-week follow-up.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020069 | Shoulder Pain |
| D019534 | Shoulder Impingement Syndrome |
| D059350 | Chronic Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D018771 | Arthralgia |
| D007592 | Joint Diseases |
| D009140 | Musculoskeletal Diseases |
| D010146 | Pain |
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This is a superiority randomized controlled trial, single-blinded, with two parallel groups.
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Evaluators will be blinded to the treatment group
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| Therapeutic exercises group | Other | Each session will include stretching exercises targeting the following muscles i) Upper trapezius; ii) Pectoralis minor; iii) Posterior shoulder region, and strengthening exercises targeting the following muscles i) Lower trapezius, ii) Middle trapezius, iii) Serratus punch exercise, iv) Shoulder external rotators, and v) Shoulder internal rotators. |
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| Baseline, 4-week, at the end of treatment (8-week), and 12-week follow-up |
| Self-efficacy: Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) | Self-efficacy will be assessed with Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) will be used to assess, which is composed of of 10 items. The total score ranges from 0 to 60 points, with the higher score indicating greater self-efficacy. | Baseline, 4-week, at the end of treatment (8-week), and 12-week follow-up |
| Sleep quality: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) | Sleep quality will be assessed with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), which is composed of 19 items, resulting in a total score ranging from 0 to 21, and covering 7 domains: (1) subjective sleep quality, (2) sleep latency, (3) sleep duration, (4) habitual sleep efficiency, (5) sleep disturbance, (6) medication use and (7) dysfunction during the day. The total score ranges from 0 to 21, with higher scores indicating worse sleep quality. | Baseline, 4-week, at the end of treatment (8-week), and 12-week follow-up |
| Biopsychosocial Aspects: Brief Screening Questions for Biopsychosocial Aspects | Biopsychosocial Aspects will be assessed with the Brief Screening Questions for Biopsychosocial, which is composed of six questions covering five domains: anxiety, kinesiophobia, stress, catastrophizing, and depression. The scores for each question range from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating worse symptoms. | Baseline, 4-week, at the end of treatment (8-week), and 12-week follow-up |
| Perception of improvement/deterioration over time: Global Rating of Change Scale | The individual's perception of improvement/deterioration over time will be measured with the Global Rating of Change Scale, which ranges from -7 to 7, with positive and higher scores indicating a greater perception of health improvement, negative and lower scores indicating a worsening perception of health, and a score of zero representing no change. | 4-week, at the end of treatment (8-week), and 12-week follow-up |
| Central pain processing: Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT) | Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT) is defined as the minimum amount of pressure that triggers the first sensation of pain. Pressure Pain Threshold will be measured by a digital pressure algometer (AlgoMed ®, Hӧrby, Sweden) with 1 cm2 circular rubber probe tip and a pressure rate of approximately 40 kPa/s. The Pressure Pain Threshold test will be performed at the acromion and muscle bellies of the deltoid, upper trapezius, and tibialis anterior. | Baseline, 4-week, at the end of treatment (8-week), and 12-week follow-up |
| Central pain processing: Temporal summation | Temporal summation refers to increased perceived pain from repetitive nociceptive stimuli at the same site, which is related to the modulation mechanism occurring in second-order sensory neurons in the spinal cord. The temporal summation will be measured at the deltoid and tibialis anterior. Sequential stimulation will involve 10 pressure stimuli at the pre-established Pressure Pain Threshold level, with a one-second interval between stimuli. Each pressure increment will be approximately 40 kPa/s. After the first and tenth stimuli, participants will rate their pain intensity using the Numerical Rating Pain Scale (NPRS) with scores ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (maximum pain), and higher scores indicate greater pain intensity. The temporal summation will be quantified by subtracting the pain intensity rating for the first stimulus from the pain rating for the tenth. | Baseline, 4-week, at the end of treatment (8-week), and 12-week follow-up |
| Central pain processing: Conditioned Pain Modulation | Conditioned Pain Modulation (CPM) refers to the central nervous system's ability to inhibit pain through mechanisms related to endogenous descending inhibition. Individuals will immerse their hand in a cold-water bath for 2 minutes. Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT) at the deltoid of the affected (or most affected) side will be assessed at baseline, during immersion (after 30, 60, and 90 seconds), and after immersion (immediately post-withdrawal and at 30 and 60 seconds after withdrawal). Participants will rate their pain intensity on the Numerical Rating Pain Scale (NPRS) with scores ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (maximum pain), and higher scores indicate greater pain intensity, every 30 seconds from immersion until hand withdrawal, and 30 and 60 seconds after withdrawal. CPM will be calculated by subtracting the PPT of the deltoid from PPT measures during and after Conditioned Pain Modulation. | Baseline, 4-week, at the end of treatment (8-week), and 12-week follow-up |
| D009461 |
| Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D000070599 | Shoulder Injuries |
| D014947 | Wounds and Injuries |